Fumonisin Production and Bioavailability to Maize Seedlings Grown from Seeds Inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides and Grown in Natural Soils

Abstract

The fungus Fusarium verticillioides infects maize and produces fumonisins. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of F. verticillioides to produce fumonisins in synthetic and natural soils and their biological availability to maize roots. Maize seeds were inoculated with a pathogenic strain of F. verticillioides (MRC826) and planted in synthetic and three different natural soils. There were statistically significant reductions in stalk weight and root mass and increased leaf lesions in the MRC826-treated seedlings in all soil types. Fumonisins were detected in all of the soils of seedlings grown from MRC826-inoculated seeds. The fumonisin produced in the soils was biologically available to seedlings as demonstrated by the statistically significant elevation of free sphingoid bases and sphingoid base 1-phosphates in their roots. These results indicate that F. verticillioides produced fumonisins in the autoclaved synthetic and natural soils and that the fumonisin produced is biologically available on the basis of evidence of inhibition of ceramide synthase.

A two-locus DNA sequence database for typing plant and human pathogens within the Fusarium oxysporum species complex

“…After the vials were vigorously shaken to disrupt the cultures, they were placed on a rocker shaker for 3 h. Extracts were diluted 1000-fold in acetonitrile:water (3:7) containing 1% formic acid. After filtration using a Spin-X 0.45 lm nylon centrifugation filter (Corning Inc., Corning, NY), the diluted samples were analyzed by LC-MS as previously described (Williams et al, 2006). In addition to fumonisin B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 (FB1, FB2, and FB3), scans were added to detect fumonisin C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 (FC 1 , FC 2 , FC 3 , and FC 4 ) based on their known masses and fragmentation patterns (Bartok et al, 2006).…”

Fumonisin B1, a toxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, modulates maize β-1,3-glucanase activities involved in defense response

“…The fact that during infection, the FUM1 gene transcript was detected as well as FB1 levels (65-200 ng/g) comparable to those found when the embryos were imbibed in presence of the mycotoxin, supports the notion that the toxin produced in vivo was the effector. On the other hand, these data are physiologically relevant because in a natural environment high FB1 amounts can be recorded, both in seeds (Doko et al 1995;Fadl 1998;Kedera et al 1999) and in soil (Williams et al 2006). The complexity of b-1,3-glucanases isoforms is also reflected by the fact that they respond to different hormone pathways associated with plant defense.…”

Cemaran Mikotoksin, Bioekologi Patogen Fusarium veriticillioides dan Upaya Pengendaliannya pada Jagung

“…Patogen ini terutama menginfeksi biji, tetapi juga dapat menginfeksi akar dan batang tanaman (Glenn et al 2004;Cao et al 2014 ). F. verticillioides dapat bertahan hidup dan berkembang di dalam tanah di sekitar perakaran tanaman jagung (Wiliam et al 2006). Penyebarannya pada pertanaman jagung dapat melalui angin dan serangga kelompok herbivora (penggerek batang).…”

“…Cendawan F. verticillioides dapat memproduksi mikotoksin (fumonisin) yang merupakan pencemar utama pada biji jagung (Oren et al 2003;Wiliam et al 2006;Dass et al 2007;Sahankar et al 2007;Balconi et al 2011;Becker et al 2014). Fumonisin tahan terhadap kondisi selama proses pengolahan sehingga dapat menyebar pada hasil olahan.…”