Function and evolution of Magnaporthe oryzae avirulence gene AvrPib responding to the rice blast resistance gene Pib

Zhang, Shulin; Wang, Ling; Wu, Weihuai; He, Liyun; Yang, Xianfeng; Pan, Qinghua

doi:10.1038/srep11642

Cited by 117 publications

(158 citation statements)

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“…The transposable element (TE) insertion in the last exon of the ACE1 gene (Fudal et al ., ) and Pot3 inserted in AVR‐Pizt and AVR‐Pita1 (Kang et al ., ; Zhou et al ., ; Li et al ., ) resulted in new virulent alleles. DNA sequence analysis of the AVR‐Pib allele in a set of 108 diverse blast isolates revealed that TE insertion (frequency 81.7%), segmental deletion (11.1%), complete absence (6.7%) and point mutation (0.6%) all lead to losses of the avirulence function (Zhang et al ., ). Aligning 16 AVR‐Pib alleles identified seven functional nucleotide polymorphisms in the AVR‐Pib genes that are correlated with three distinct expression profiles (Zhang et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…DNA sequence analysis of the AVR‐Pib allele in a set of 108 diverse blast isolates revealed that TE insertion (frequency 81.7%), segmental deletion (11.1%), complete absence (6.7%) and point mutation (0.6%) all lead to losses of the avirulence function (Zhang et al ., ). Aligning 16 AVR‐Pib alleles identified seven functional nucleotide polymorphisms in the AVR‐Pib genes that are correlated with three distinct expression profiles (Zhang et al ., ). These findings demonstrated that M. oryzae uses the transposons to change the expression of AVR genes in breaking down R genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection and mutation of the avirulence gene AVR‐Pii of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

et al. 2018

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Magnaporthe oryzae avirulence (AVR) genes are predicted to be involved in pathogen invasion and their virulence functions are restricted by the presence of the cognate resistance (R) genes. In this study, the distribution and variation of the avirulence (AVR‐Pii) gene of M. oryzae in Yunnan province, China were analysed to understand haplotype diversity of AVR‐Pii under field conditions. The presence of AVR‐Pii in 454 field isolates of M. oryzae collected in Yunnan province was examined using gene‐specific PCR markers. The results showed that 82 M. oryzae isolates carried AVR‐Pii. Among them, 39 (35.5%), 5 (15.2%), 4 (14.3%), 2 (13.3%), 25 (12.8%) and 7 (9.7%) of the M. oryzae isolates carried AVR‐Pii from central, southeastern, southwestern, northwestern, western and northeastern Yunnan province, respectively. Of these isolates, 55 were sequenced, while the remaining 27 isolates were not suitable for PCR‐based sequencing and were not used for further analysis. Moreover, three AVR‐Pii haplotypes were identified among the 55 isolates, in which H1 was identical with a previous sequence in GenBank (accession no. ) and H2 and H3 were novel variants. All DNA sequence variations were found to occur in the protein‐coding region resulting in amino acid substitutions. One virulent haplotype of AVR‐Pii to Pii was identified among 55 field isolates, suggesting that the AVR‐Pii gene has lost avirulence function through base substitution. These findings suggest that AVR‐Pii is under positive selection and AVR‐Pii mutations are responsible for overcoming race‐specific resistance in nature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection and mutation of the avirulence gene AVR‐Pii of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

et al. 2018

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“…Similarly, in a recent survey of an AVR locus comprising 108 Magnaporthe oryzae isolates, 81% of AvrPib polymorphisms leading to loss of avirulence resulted from TEs, whereas loss of avirulence due to SNPs was rare (0.6%; ref. 50). Thus, including information on SNPs, structural gene/transcript variants, and presence/absence of genes/transcripts in association studies is expected to significantly improve the identification of candidate AVR genes in eukaryotic filamentous pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelic barley MLA immune receptors recognize sequence-unrelated avirulence effectors of the powdery mildew pathogen

Kracher

Saur

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

150

202

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Disease-resistance genes encoding intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) are key components of the plant innate immune system and typically detect the presence of isolate-specific avirulence (AVR) effectors from pathogens. NLR genes define the fastest-evolving gene family of flowering plants and are often arranged in gene clusters containing multiple paralogs, contributing to copy number and allele-specific NLR variation within a host species. Barley mildew resistance locus a (Mla) has been subject to extensive functional diversification, resulting in allelic resistance specificities each recognizing a cognate, but largely unidentified, AVRa gene of the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). We applied a transcriptome-wide association study among 17 Bgh isolates containing different AVRa genes and identified AVRa1 and AVRa13, encoding candidate-secreted effectors recognized by Mla1 and Mla13 alleles, respectively. Transient expression of the effector genes in barley leaves or protoplasts was sufficient to trigger Mla1 or Mla13 allele-specific cell death, a hallmark of NLR receptor-mediated immunity. AVRa1 and AVRa13 are phylogenetically unrelated, demonstrating that certain allelic MLA receptors evolved to recognize sequence-unrelated effectors. They are ancient effectors because corresponding loci are present in wheat powdery mildew. AVRA1 recognition by barley MLA1 is retained in transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating that AVRA1 directly binds MLA1 or that its recognition involves an evolutionarily conserved host target of AVRA1. Furthermore, analysis of transcriptome-wide sequence variation among the Bgh isolates provides evidence for Bgh population structure that is partially linked to geographic isolation.

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“…A large number of effectors have been identified in M. oryzae which facilitate feeding on both living and dead plant tissues. These effectors include AvrPi54, Avr-Pia, Avr-Pii, Avr-Pik/ km/kp, Avr-Pita, Pwl1, Pwl2, Bas2, Avr-Piz-t, Avr-Pi9, Avr-Pib, Iug6, Iug9 and Slp1 (Dong et al, 2015;Khang et al, 2010;Mentlak et al, 2012;Oliveira-Garcia and Valent, 2015;Ray et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2015;Yoshida et al, 2009;Zhang and Xu, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015). Other studies have started to characterize plant cell death-inducing effectors in M. oryzae (Chen et al, 2013) and the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens (Fang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Identification Of Fungal Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐scale molecular genetic analysis in plant‐pathogenic fungi: a decade of genome‐wide functional analysis

Motaung

Saitoh

Tsilo

2017

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Plant-pathogenic fungi cause diseases to all major crop plants world-wide and threaten global food security. Underpinning fungal diseases are virulence genes facilitating plant host colonization that often marks pathogenesis and crop failures, as well as an increase in staple food prices. Fungal molecular genetics is therefore the cornerstone to the sustainable prevention of disease outbreaks. Pathogenicity studies using mutant collections provide immense function-based information regarding virulence genes of economically relevant fungi. These collections are rich in potential targets for existing and new biological control agents. They contribute to host resistance breeding against fungal pathogens and are instrumental in searching for novel resistance genes through the identification of fungal effectors. Therefore, functional analyses of mutant collections propel gene discovery and characterization, and may be incorporated into disease management strategies. In the light of these attributes, mutant collections enhance the development of practical solutions to confront modern agricultural constraints. Here, a critical review of mutant collections constructed by various laboratories during the past decade is provided. We used Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum studies to show how mutant screens contribute to bridge existing knowledge gaps in pathogenicity and fungal-host interactions.

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Function and evolution of Magnaporthe oryzae avirulence gene AvrPib responding to the rice blast resistance gene Pib

Cited by 117 publications

References 55 publications

Selection and mutation of the avirulence gene AVR‐Pii of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Selection and mutation of the avirulence gene AVR‐Pii of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Allelic barley MLA immune receptors recognize sequence-unrelated avirulence effectors of the powdery mildew pathogen

Large‐scale molecular genetic analysis in plant‐pathogenic fungi: a decade of genome‐wide functional analysis

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