Function of Membrane Rafts in Viral Lifecycles and Host Cellular Response

Abstract

Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release processes of virus particles). In the viral cycle, membrane rafts act as a scaffold of many cellular signal transductions, which are associated with symptoms caused by viral infections. In this paper, we describe the functions of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response according to each virus classification, each stage of the virus lifecycle, and each virus-induced signal transduction.

Disruption of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor-Homodimeric Interaction Triggers Lipid Microdomain- and Dynamin-dependent Endocytosis and Lysosomal Targeting

“…Interestingly, CAR-binding CVB do not bind at the D1-D1 interface, but to residues situated on the side of the D1 domain (61). This observation is consistent with our hypothesis and why CAR would not be endocytosed during CVB entry in epithelial cells (7,31). As viruses have been selected for their ability to structurally mimic endogenous host ligands (62), it is likely that a CAR ligand could trigger CAR-CAR disengagement and subsequent internalization.…”

“…Among these domains, lipid microdomains have unique properties that diversify membrane trafficking and signaling (29). Because numerous viral and toxin receptors, including CAR (30,31), are located within lipid microdomains, we assayed the membrane sublocalization of CAR in primary neuron cultures and in the mouse brain. When using a detergent-free method (24) to isolate lipid microdomains from primary cortical neurons, flotillin-1, a marker for lipid microdomains, was found in the top fractions of the density gradient (Fig.…”

A metabolomics approach to studying the effects of Jinxin oral liquid on RSV-infected mice using UPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

“…Reduced sphingolipid synthesis has also been found in association with airway hyperactivity (Worgall et al, 2013). Sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched lipid raft micro-domains in the plasma membrane play an important role in the lifecycles of numerous enveloped viruses (Chang et al, 2012;Takahashi and Suzuki, 2011). RSV infection induces specific changes in the composition of raft-associated lipids, and these changes appear to be important for virus maturation (Yeo et al, 2009).…”

Systems Perspective of Morbillivirus Replication

“…Lipid rafts are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids that have a rigid, ordered structure with limited flexibility, and therefore can act as platforms for virus assembly [Takahashi and Suzuki, 2011]. Envelope glycoproteins of RNA viruses are not evenly distributed on the cell surface but rather clustered within the lipid rafts membrane microdomains to form the nucleation points for budding [Lyles, 2013].…”