Functional analysis of the circadian clock gene <i>timeless</i> in <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>

Liu, Chengjun; Yun, Xiaopei; Yu, Xiaojuan; Li, Bin

doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12441

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The ratio of absorbance A at 260 nm to 280 nm ( A 260 / A 280 ratio) was used to assess the yield and purity of RNA. The RNA was used only when A 260 / A 280 > 1.8, and the RNA integrity was further evaluated using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis (Li et al , ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A C‐type lectin with a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain involved in the innate immune response of Tribolium castaneum

Feng

et al. 2019

Insect Molecular Biology

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C‐type lectins are one of the pattern‐recognition proteins involved in innate immunity in invertebrates. Although there are 16 C‐type lectin genes that have been identified in the genome of Tribolium castaneum, their functions and mechanisms in innate immunity remain unknown. Here, we identified one C‐type lectin orthologue, TcCTL6 (TC003708), by sequencing random clones from the cDNA library of the coleopteran beetle, T. castaneum. TcCTL6 contains a 654 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 217 amino acids that includes a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain. The expression of TcCTL6 was significantly induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and stimulation with carbohydrates, including lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. A binding assay suggested that the recombinant TcCTL6 not only bound to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan but also bound to Gram‐positive (S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis) and Gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in the presence of calcium ions. Furthermore, when TcCTL6 was knocked down by RNA interference, four antimicrobial peptides (attacin1, attacin2, coleoptericin1 and coleoptericin2) were significantly decreased. These results demonstrate that TcCTL6 plays a vital role in the immune response towards pathogen infection by influencing the expression of antimicrobial peptides and the agglutination of bacteria in the presence of calcium ions in T. castaneum.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A C‐type lectin with a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain involved in the innate immune response of Tribolium castaneum

Feng

et al. 2019

Insect Molecular Biology

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“…Mortality occurring <5 days after injection was attributed to injection injury rather than to target transcript knockdown. In general, mortality due to injection damage was <10% (Begum, Li, Beeman, & Park, ; Li, Yun, Yu, & Li, ). Individuals from six replications of larval RNAi injections were utilized for single pair mating (average eight pairs per replication).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and evolution of latrophilin receptor gene involved in Tribolium castaneum devolopment and female fecundity

Gao

Liu

et al. 2017

Genesis

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Latrophilins (LPHs) are adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors comprising three paralogous forms (LPH-1, LPH-2, and LPH-3) and known receptors for α-latrotoxin, which are involved in growth, development, adaptability, and schizophrenia and other diseases in vertebrates. However, the functions of LPH are poorly understood in most insects. Here, phylogenetic and synteny analysis indicated that LPH-1 and LPH-3 evolved separately from a common ancestor LPH-2. Then, latrophilin (Tclph) was cloned in Tribolium castaneum, and three alternatively spliced transcripts (Tclpha, Tclphb and Tclphc) were identified. All these three Tclphs were highest expressed at the early adult stage, and strongly expressed in central nervous system of adults. Larval RNA interference (RNAi) against Tclph caused 24% adult wing abnormal, 30% insect death, and led to 100% reductions in beetle fecundity. Fecundity deficiency was rescued by reciprocal crosses with wild-type females, but not males. And dissection results revealed that 63% of dsTclph female ovaries were atrophied. Further, exon-specific RNAi illustrated that neither knockdown of Tclpha nor Tclphc resulted in development defects and reductions in beetle fecundity. Thus, it indicated that Tclphb was essential for development and female fecundity in T. castaneum. Moreover, Tclph knockdown increased the expression of the foxo, plc, and pka genes, which most likely modulated the effects of Tclph on development and reproduction in T. castaneum.

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“…purely on photoreception via the compound eyes (Komada et al, 2015;Kutaragi et al, 2018). In other species that lack cry1 (i.e., beetles and cockroaches), tim1 may play a different role in the circadian rhythm generation (Werckenthin et al, 2012(Werckenthin et al, , 2020Li C-J et al, 2018), which stresses the complexity in evolution of divers sets of clock genes in different insects. Recently, a model which includes two different pacemakers with different clock gene sets was proposed for the cockroach to explain per, cry2, and tim1 function in parallel (Werckenthin et al, 2020) (see Figure 1).…”

Section: The Molecular Clock-the Central Negative Feedback Loopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model and Non-model Insects in Chronobiology

Beer

Helfrich‐Förster

2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an established model organism in chronobiology, because genetic manipulation and breeding in the laboratory are easy. The circadian clock neuroanatomy in D. melanogaster is one of the best-known clock networks in insects and basic circadian behavior has been characterized in detail in this insect. Another model in chronobiology is the honey bee Apis mellifera, of which diurnal foraging behavior has been described already in the early twentieth century. A. mellifera hallmarks the research on the interplay between the clock and sociality and complex behaviors like sun compass navigation and time-place-learning. Nevertheless, there are aspects of clock structure and function, like for example the role of the clock in photoperiodism and diapause, which can be only insufficiently investigated in these two models. Unlike high-latitude flies such as Chymomyza costata or D. ezoana, cosmopolitan D. melanogaster flies do not display a photoperiodic diapause. Similarly, A. mellifera bees do not go into “real” diapause, but most solitary bee species exhibit an obligatory diapause. Furthermore, sociality evolved in different Hymenoptera independently, wherefore it might be misleading to study the social clock only in one social insect. Consequently, additional research on non-model insects is required to understand the circadian clock in Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this review, we introduce the two chronobiology model insects D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, compare them with other insects and show their advantages and limitations as general models for insect circadian clocks.

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Functional analysis of the circadian clock gene timeless in Tribolium castaneum

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

A C‐type lectin with a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain involved in the innate immune response of Tribolium castaneum

A C‐type lectin with a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain involved in the innate immune response of Tribolium castaneum

Identification and evolution of latrophilin receptor gene involved in Tribolium castaneum devolopment and female fecundity

Model and Non-model Insects in Chronobiology

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