“…Importantly, after a steep decline of their population in the 1990s, diverging demographic processes have begun to take shape in the post-millennial development of regional centres of several countries, with the majority qualifying as "small big cities" with a population of 100 to 200 thousand (Páthy, 2017;Rechnitzer & Páthy, 2022). However, studies examining the major trends of polarization in the urban network in selected CEE countries (Csizmadia & Páthy, 2010;Dogaru et al, 2014;Berkes, 2020;Korcelli & Olejniczak, 2021) do not necessarily confirm positive developments for second-tier city regions, undermining their networked FDI-based development due to a lack of knowledge assets and critical size. Moreover, the socio-spatial transformation processes of the city regions themselves are indicative of heteropolitanization (Gentile et al, 2012;Neugebauer & Kovács, 2015) understood as the growing prevalence of socially, economically, culturally and spatially heterogeneous and complex urban spaces.…”