Functional Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Smart Sandwich Structures

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative manufacturing technology that provides a wide range of capabilities in the fabrication of parts for different applications. [1] This technology also allows the fabrication of fully functional parts, using a broad range of materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, smart materials, or even food. There are several examples like using AM technology for functionally graded materials (FGM) targeting various applications [2,3] as well as non-assembly mechanisms and easier functional integration. [4] It also can be applied for AM part consolidation to redesign a multicomponent assembly into a single part. [5,6] AM consists of a large variety of different printing processes that, using raw materials, allow the fabrication not only of basic prototypes but also of a complex workpiece such as lightweight components for aircraft. [7] Accessibility to 3D printing technology is made easier due to the competitive market, with numerous advantages including low cost of equipment, rapid setup times, lack of molds, etc. [8] However, 3D printing is limited to the production of static parts, while, at times, adding dynamic elements to them would be of crucial importance in certain applications. To overcome such drawbacks, 3D printing assemblies, which often require support structures, are thus made. In addition, compared to other techniques, 3D printing is limited in terms of size and batches achievable, posing another barrier to their broader use in many manufacturing fields.4D printing is a recent evolution in the field of 3D printing. It allows achieving change in property, functionality, and shape of 3D printed structures as a function of time. 4D-printed structures are multi-functional. For example, they have the capability of self-assembly and self-healing, with time being a dependent parameter along with 3D printing. 4D printing can allow the fabrication of dynamic structures with the appropriate combination of smart materials according to specific 3D arrangements. [9][10][11] Smart materials are a group of design materials that possess one or more unique properties, which change significantly and can be controlled under the influence of external stimuli. The literature shows that most polymers (not all) have the intrinsic feature of thermo-and chemo-responsive shape memory effect (SME). [12] The polymers with these properties, Shape

Flexural properties of porcupine quill-inspired sandwich panels

“…Due to the layer-by-layer deposition of the molten material, interlaminar gaps are formed in FDM parts. The gaps cause anisotropic behaviour and inconsistency in FDM printed parts [24,25]. Numerical simulation of 3D printed parts fabricated with FDM is often found to be overpredicted due to the defects caused by the nature of this technology [14,16].…”

Energy absorbing 4D printed meta-sandwich structures: load cycles and shape recovery

“…Experimental evidence has highlighted the latter as the most signi cant parameter for triggering the recovery of the initial shape in the shortest possible time. (Mehrpouya et al, 2022) performed a study on the functional behavior of AM lattice structures fabricated by two different SMPs: PLA and C8. In particular, the impact of design and process parameters on maximum compressive load and energy absorption capacity were analysed.…”

Energy absorption of PLA (Polylactic Acid) - based metamaterials manufactured by material extrusion: dynamic loads and shape recovery

“…More in detail, the mechanical properties of metamaterials and their ability to absorb energy are extensively studied mainly under compressive stresses (Obadimu and Kourousis, 2021), (Barletta et al, 2021), (Mehrpouya et al, 2022), (Liang et al, 2021), (Ushijima et al, 2011), (Saleh et al, 2022). Much less frequent is the study of energy absorption when dynamic loads are applied to the structures (Jin et al, 2019), (Ozdemir et al, 2016).…”