Functional classification of gouge materials from seams and faults in relation to stability problems in underground openings

Brekke, Tor L.; Howard, Terry R.

doi:10.1016/0148-9062(74)91687-8

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…). It has been known for decades in tunnel engineering that during tunnel excavation, the barrier–conduit nature of faults may be recognized when a fault gouge ‘membrane’ is penetrated when tunneling from the low‐pressure side of a barrier, and sudden inflow to tunnel occurs (Henderson ; Brekke & Howard ; Fujita et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biases and trends in fault zone hydrogeology conceptual models: global compilation and categorical data analysis

2016

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To investigate the biases and trends in observations of the permeability structures of fault zones in various geoscience disciplines, we review and compile a database of published studies and reports containing more than 900 references. The global data are categorized, mapped, and described statistically. We use the chi‐square test for the dependency of categorical variables to show that the simplified fault permeability structure (barrier, conduit, barrier–conduit) depends on the observation method, geoscience discipline, and lithology. In the crystalline rocks, the in situ test methods (boreholes or tunnels) favor the detection of permeable fault conduits, in contrast to the outcrop‐based measurements that favor a combined barrier–conduit conceptual models. These differences also occur, to a lesser extent, in sedimentary rocks. We provide an estimate of the occurrence of fault conduits and barriers in the brittle crust. Faults behave as conduits at 70% of sites, regardless of their barrier behavior that may also occur. Faults behave as barriers at at least 50% of the sites, in addition to often being conduits. Our review of published data from long tunnels suggests that in crystalline rocks, 40–80% (median about 60%) of faults are highly permeable conduits, and 30–70% in sedimentary rocks. The trends with depth are not clear, but there are less fault conduits counted in tunnels at the shallowest depths. The barrier hydraulic behavior of faults is more uncertain and difficult to observe than the conduit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biases and trends in fault zone hydrogeology conceptual models: global compilation and categorical data analysis

2016

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“…Another, although weaker, factor controlling group formation is parent rock composition. Wu (1978) concluded from data presented by Brekke and Howard (1973) and Wahlstrom et al (1968) that different parent rocks give rise to fault gouges having similar clay Table 4). Table 4.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Likewise, the mechanical behavior of the gouge is greatly dependent on its clay mineral composition. Bj el-rum et al (t 963 ), Brekke and Howard ( 1973 ), and Riedmiiller and Schwaighofer (1977) gave evidence of the correlation of fault gouges containing smectite with Copyright 9 1988, The Clay Minerals Society roof falls and failure in tunnel construction. Experimental work by several authors has shown the shear behavior of filled discontinuities to be controlled by the clay content and clay mineral composition (e.g., Shimamoto and Logan, 1981;Mfiller-Vonmoos et al, 1981;Sonderegger, 1985;H6wing, 1984;Hrwing and Kutter, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Analysis of Clay Mineral Assemblages in Fault Gouges

Klima

Riedmüller

Stattegger

1988

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--The clay mineral distributions in fault gouges from shear zones in several slates, phyllites, mica schists, and gneisses of the Eastern Alps were statistically analyzed for consistencies in their occurrence. Discriminant analyses suggested significant groupings of the most common minerals: illite, smectite, kaolinite, and chlorite. The clay mineral distributions in the fault gouges appeared to be related to regional geological units. No relationship, however, was found with the piles of nappes of the Alps. The influence of the mineralogical composition of the parent rock on the clay mineral assemblages appeared to be minor, but the shear behavior of the parent rocks, which is mainly a function of rock strength, was found to control the formation of the clay minerals. In hard rocks (e.g., gneisses), solution transfer at an early stage of the shear process was apparently extensive enough to favor kaolinite formation. As shearing continued, the rate of solution transfer gradually decreased and favored the formation of smectite. In softer rocks (e.g., phyllites), the extent of solution transfer during the shear process was less than in the gneisses and generated an environment that favored smectite formation, even during the early stages of shearing.

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“…0036 442 of underground openings [1,4,8,9]. A better understanding of this problem is therefore highly required and urgent in the determination of support design for tunnels.…”

Section: The Civil Engineering Journal 4-2017 -----------------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault-Related Instability Problems of Tunnels - The Host Rock Slip Criterion and Characteristics of the Tunneling-Induced Shear Displacements

Liu¹,

Zhou²,

Xiao³

et al. 2017

CEJ

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As one of the fault-related instability problems of tunnels, rock slip along fault plane is closely related to the shear strength of a fault, and usually causes irrecoverable and sometimes catastrophic engineering problems. In this paper, based on continuum assumption and Coulomb-slip failure, a criterion to evaluate rock slip along the fault plane was proposed for a circular tunnel in rock masses containing a fault. A mathematical equation that describes the relationship between required shear strength of a fault and horizontal stress ratio, fault spatial extension and location was established. From the equation, the influences of the important parameters on the required shear strength of a fault was analysed after a numerical validation was performed. Besides, the effects of fault spatial extension and location on the tunnelling-induced shear displacements were characterized through numerical models. Characteristics of the tunnelling-induced shear displacements at the excavation wall indicated that fault location with respect to the tunnel dominates the nonuniform rock deformations at excavation wall, and larger fault dip angles could lead to larger shear displacements in some specific pair cases. The presented investigation provides both a deeper insight into the instability problems of tunnels related to a fault and a guideline for tunnel support design.

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Functional classification of gouge materials from seams and faults in relation to stability problems in underground openings

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

The biases and trends in fault zone hydrogeology conceptual models: global compilation and categorical data analysis

The biases and trends in fault zone hydrogeology conceptual models: global compilation and categorical data analysis

Statistical Analysis of Clay Mineral Assemblages in Fault Gouges

Fault-Related Instability Problems of Tunnels - The Host Rock Slip Criterion and Characteristics of the Tunneling-Induced Shear Displacements

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