Functional decomposition—A contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during validation of highly automated driving

Amersbach, Christian; Winner, Hermann

doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1624732

Cited by 28 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Therefore, further methods to increase efficiency should be considered in the future. A possibility to reduce the number of necessary scenarios is the functional decomposition of the system [169], [170]. One use case of this procedure can comprise the revision of a sub-module, so that only scenarios which require this module must be re-validated.…”

Section: ) Functional Decomposition For Scenario Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on Scenario-Based Safety Assessment of Automated Vehicles

et al. 2020

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When will automated vehicles come onto the market? This question has puzzled the automotive industry and society for years. The technology and its implementation have made rapid progress over the last decade, but the challenge of how to prove the safety of these systems has not yet been solved. Since a market launch without proof of safety would neither be accepted by society nor by legislators, much time and many resources have been invested into safety assessment in recent years in order to develop new approaches for an efficient assessment. This paper therefore provides an overview of various approaches, and gives a comprehensive survey of the so-called scenario-based approach. The scenario-based approach is a promising method, in which individual traffic situations are typically tested by means of virtual simulation. Since an infinite number of different scenarios can theoretically occur in real-world traffic, even the scenario-based approach leaves the question unanswered as to how to break these down into a finite set of scenarios, and find those which are representative in order to render testing more manageable. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of related safety-assessment publications that deal precisely with this question. Therefore, this paper develops a novel taxonomy for the scenario-based approach, and classifies all literature sources. Based on this, the existing methods will be compared with each other and, as one conclusion, the alternative concept of formal verification will be combined with the scenario-based approach. Finally, future research priorities are derived.

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Section: ) Functional Decomposition For Scenario Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on Scenario-Based Safety Assessment of Automated Vehicles

et al. 2020

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“…testing all possible scenarios) is not feasible [23,24]. The parameter space explosion is analyzed in more detail in [25].…”

Section: B Parameter Space Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the approach proposed in this paper to define a sufficient test coverage can be combined with approaches that aim to reduce the validation effort. For instance, the functional decomposition approach introduced by the authors in previous publications [25,34] aims to reduce the approval effort by decomposing the driving function into functional layers ( see Fig. 1) that are tested individually.…”

Section: Closing the Gap Between Required And Feasible Test Coveragementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the potential to reduce the validation effort by a factor of around 70 (for 6-wise coverage, cp. Section III) as shown in [25], this approach can also increase the real-time factor as the simulation of environment perception is not required for all functional layers. Thus, combining the functional decomposition approach with the test coverage definition proposed here might lower the required number of test cases below the feasible number of test cases and thus overcome the parameter space explosion.…”

Section: Closing the Gap Between Required And Feasible Test Coveragementioning

confidence: 99%

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Defining Required and Feasible Test Coverage for Scenario-Based Validation of Highly Automated Vehicles

Amersbach

Winner

2019

2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)

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A statistical, distance-based validation of highly automated vehicles is not feasible due to the high required testing distance. Scenario-based validation approaches promise to solve this issue. However, due to the high number of influence parameters, the number of possible parameter combinations is exploding. Therefore, exhaustive testing of all possible combinations is not feasible as well. Thus, a coverage criterion for scenario-based validation is required. Hereby, it is crucial that all stakeholders accept the coverage criterion. This paper proposes an approach to determine the number of scenarios that correspond to the required testing distance of the known distance-based approach. Furthermore, the number of scenarios that can be feasibly simulated for validation is estimated under certain assumptions. Comparing the required and the feasible number of scenarios shows that there is still a gap of around one order of magnitude. Nevertheless, combining this approach with other methods that aim to reduce the approval effort has the potential to get the required test coverage to a feasible level and therefore contribute to solving the validation challenge. However, there are still many remaining challenges, such as the availability of representative scenario catalogs or sufficient simulation models for environment perception sensors.

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“…In this regard, functional decomposition is ideally suited to gain better insight into the information processing and loss during reception and processing by a perception sensor system, as it is highly sophisticated to reach valid perception sensor simulation [6,7,8]. It is a widely used method of choice for (safety) validation in general to reduce the exploding scenario space, when test automation is designed and scenarios are varied [9,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Parameterizable and Generic Perception Sensor Model Architecture

Linnhoff¹,

Rosenberger²,

Holder³

et al. 2021

Proceedings

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Scenario-based virtual testing is seen as a key element to bring the overall safety validation effort for automated driving functions to an economically feasible level. In this work, a generic and modular architecture for simulation of automotive perception sensors is introduced, as part of the overall virtual testing pipeline. It is based on the functional decomposition of real world perception sensors. All interfaces between the individual modules of the model architecture are oriented on internationally recognized standards and therefore facilitate a high degree of interchangeability. In addition, a wrapper framework handles all outer communication and enables a profile-based parameterization of the model, where every profile reflects a specific set of parameters tailored to the specifications and use case of the end user.

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Functional decomposition—A contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during validation of highly automated driving

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

Survey on Scenario-Based Safety Assessment of Automated Vehicles

Survey on Scenario-Based Safety Assessment of Automated Vehicles

Defining Required and Feasible Test Coverage for Scenario-Based Validation of Highly Automated Vehicles

Highly Parameterizable and Generic Perception Sensor Model Architecture

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