Functional foods modulating inflammation and metabolism in chronic diseases: a systematic review

Tea intake and cardiovascular disease: an umbrella review

“…Thirty-seven publications were subject to dual full-text screening [ 2 , 3 , 11 , 18–51 ]. We excluded 14systematic reviews for the following reasons: one was a conference abstract [ 35 ], one was a non-English publication [ 44 ], one publication included only extracts or capsules [ 39 ], one study combined tea and wine with tea in the analyses [ 37 ], three were not systematic reviews [ 41 , 42 , 45 ], one publication did not assess tea intake [ 43 ], one publication was a systematic review of in vitro studies [ 36 ], one publication included CVD markers only as a secondary outcome [ 38 ], one publication was a protocol manuscript [ 51 ], two publications did not contain data [ 47 , 48 ], and one publication search predated 2010 [ 40 ]. Twenty-three publications [ 2 , 3 , 11 , 18–34 , 46 ] remained after dual full-text screening and searching the reference lists of included systematic reviews.…”

Health Potential of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds-Derived α-linoleic Acid and α-linolenic Acids: A Review

“…Rincón-Cervera et al [29] observed an increase in activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I and an increase in deoxyribonucleic acid transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α expression on a study involving rats. Chia-fed rats also showed an increased superoxide dismutase activity, carnitine acyl-carnitine transferase, glutathione peroxidase and increased glutathione monosulfide /glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio signifying an increase in the antioxidant status [2], [22], [29]. The lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity were also shown to be inhibited [2], [29].…”

“…Plant based foods products that are high in dietary fibre and other components with potential health value often contain plentiful and readily available plant PUFAs [21]. Precursors for the synthesis of long chain PUFAs of the ω-6 and ω-3 series in mammals are LA and ALA respectively [22]- [24]. ALA an essential fatty acid is the main fatty acid derived from the chia seeds lipid fraction.…”

“…After conversion of ALA, very low-density lipoproteins transports the newly synthesized EPA/DPA/DHA away from the liver to other parts of the body [26]. During the conversions of ALA, PUFAs derived from linolenic and linoleic fatty acids compete for metabolic enzymes; remarkably this competition exists during the esterification into triacylglycerols and plasma phospholipids [22], [25]. Enzymatic conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is relatively inefficient in humans [19], with <1% converted to docosahexaenoic acid, while for eicosapentaenoic acid, the conversion in men is approximately 0.3% -8% and up to 21% amongst women [3].…”

“…During exercise and training, α-linolenic acid may function as a fuel substrate during moderate to endurance exercise, especially in the cross over stage where fats becomes the leading substrate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) after depletion of carbohydrate stores [3]. ALA is about 0.7% of total fatty acids in adipose tissue, and is strongly mobilized during exercise, with plasma levels increasing nearly 6-fold following prolonged, intensive exercise [2], [3], [22]. Based on these reasons, ALA may function as a fuel source after depletion of carbohydrates stores especially in long endurance exercise.…”