Functional Morphology of the Venom Apparatus of the Funnel Spider, Agelena Gracilens (Araneae: Agelenidae) From Turkey

Yiğit, Nazife; Bayram, Abdullah; Danişman, Tarık; Sancak, Zafer

doi:10.3157/0013-872x(2007)118[161:fmotva]2.0.co;2

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The initial strike impales the prey, with the subsequent grip probably being enhanced by the row of cheliceral "teeth" behind each fang. Cheliceral teeth have also been reported in a variety of other spiders (Cavusoglu et al , 2005Yigit et al 2004;Yigit and Guven 2006). Fang movement is achieved by the coordinated activity of the cheliceral muscles and a set of ligaments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Whereas the venom glands of many spiders are cylindrical (or variations of this; Malli et al 2000;Cavusoglu et al 2004Cavusoglu et al , 2005Yigit et al 2004;Yigit and Guven 2006) and may be single lobed, bilobular, or multilobular, others may be bulbous (Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão 1934;dos Santos et al 2000;Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch and Mulaik 1940;Foil et al 1979) or ampoule-like (Phoneutria nigriventer Keyserling 1891Bücherl 1971;Silva et al 2008) in shape. In addition, the musculature surrounding the gland may form irregular bundles or lobes (L. reclusa; Foil et al 1979) or may be spiraled, as in V. dubius and other species, e.g., Cupiennius salei Keyserling 1877 (Malli et al 2000), Latrodectus mactans Fabricius 1775 (Smith and Russell 1967), Agelena labyrinthica Clerck 1757 (Yigit et al 2004;Yigit and Guven 2006), Allopecosa fabilis Clerck 1757 and Larinoides cornutus Clerck 1757 (Cavusoglu et al 2005). The venom gland of V. dubius consists of a complex network of epithelial cells surrounded by an elastin-rich basal layer and a series of muscle bundles distinct from the cheliceral muscles involved in cheliceral and fang movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Internally, the gland contains a central lumen into which venom components probably drain during biosynthesis and are stored until required. This general organization of the venom gland, i.e., an outer muscle bilayer surrounding an inner connective basal membrane supporting a secretory epithelium, is similar to that reported for a variety of other spiders, including other tarantulas (Anophopelma spp., D. echina; Russell et al 1973), A. labyrinthica (Yigit et al 2004;Yigit and Guven 2006), A. fabilis , L. cornutus (Cavusoglu et al 2005), L. mactans (Barth 1962;Russell 1967), L. intermedia (dos Santos et al 2000), L. reclusa (Foil et al 1979), and P. nigriventer (Bücherl 1971;Silva et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Venom apparatus of the Brazilian tarantula Vitalius dubius Mello-Leitão 1923 (Theraphosidae)

et al. 2009

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Tarantula venoms are a cocktail of proteins and peptides that have been increasingly studied in recent years. In contrast, less attention has been given to analyzing the structure of the paired cephalic glands that produce the venom. We have used light, electron, and confocal microscopy to study the organization and structure of the venom gland of the Brazilian tarantula Vitalius dubius. The chelicerae are hairy chitinous structures, each with a single curved hollow fang that opens via an orifice on the anterior surface. Internally, each chelicera contains striated muscle fiber bundles that control fang extension and retraction, and a cylindrical conical venom gland surrounded by a thick well-developed layer of obliquely arranged muscle fibers. Light microscopy of longitudinal and transverse sections showed that the gland secretory epithelium consists of a sponge-like network of slender epithelial cell processes with numerous bridges and interconnections that form lacunae containing secretion. This secretory epithelium is supported by a basement membrane containing elastic fibers. The entire epithelial structure of the venom-secreting cells is reinforced by a dense network of F-actin intermediate filaments, as shown by staining with phalloidin. Neural elements (axons and acetylcholinesterase activity) are also associated with the venom gland. Transmission electron microscopy of the epithelium revealed an ultrastructure typical of secretory cells, including abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, an extensive Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Venom apparatus of the Brazilian tarantula Vitalius dubius Mello-Leitão 1923 (Theraphosidae)

et al. 2009

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“…Early histological studies are summarized in (Bucherl, 1971) and (Bettini, 1978) and some of the more recent histology has been done on Lycosidae and Oxyopidae (Kovoor and MunozCuevas, 1999), Loxosceles (Sicariidae) (dos Santo et al, 2000) and (Foil et al, 1979), Latrodectus (Theridiidae) (Jarlfors et al, 1969), Cupiennius (Malli et al, 2000), Theraphosidae (Russell et al, 1973), Scytodes (Kovoor and Zylberberg, 1972) and Agelena (Agelenidae) (Moon, 1996;Yigit et al, 2004).…”

Section: Histological Studies Of the Venom Glandsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comments on the Natural Expression and Artificial Extraction of Venom Gland Components from Spiders

Kristensen¹

2005

Toxin Reviews

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Milking or gland extraction can be used to harvest mRNA, toxins, and other materials from spiders that are suitable for a wide variety of studies, but the milked venom and extracts should not be assumed to be equivalent to naturally expressed venoms injected into insects. A much better understanding of the diverse anatomies, physiologies, and dispersion mechanisms is required for this understanding.

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“…Previous work has shown the venom apparatus of spiders on the basis of morphology (Yiğit et al . 2004, 2006; Çavuşoğlu et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine structure of the chelicera in the spider Nephila clavata

Moon

2007

Entomological Research

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The fine structural characteristics of the biting apparatus in the orb‐web spider Nephila clavata were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The main biting apparatuses of spiders are the chelicerae and cheliceral fangs in the cephalothorax. The chelicera of N. clavata is that of the jack‐knife (folding knife) type, which is composed of two segments, and has a labidognathous form that moves at right angles to the body axis. Each chelicera bears a hinged fang that folds into a cheliceral groove. The tips of the fangs are quite sharp, and the spider's body is well adapted to driving the fangs into prey. Just below the fang, each side of the cheliceral groove is covered with a total of seven cuticular teeth (four promarginal teeth and three retromarginal teeth) in two rows. The cheliceral fang has a single aperture at the tip of the posterior surface, and the lower margin of the fang which meets the promarginal teeth is a saw‐like groove. Fine structural observation reveals that each fang has a single venom pore, and each cuticular depressive area on the cheliceral groove has two different types of surface pit. Approximately 40 to 50 spiky protrusions were counted at the cheliceral groove, to hold prey tightly.

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Functional Morphology of the Venom Apparatus of the Funnel Spider, Agelena Gracilens (Araneae: Agelenidae) From Turkey

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Venom apparatus of the Brazilian tarantula Vitalius dubius Mello-Leitão 1923 (Theraphosidae)

Venom apparatus of the Brazilian tarantula Vitalius dubius Mello-Leitão 1923 (Theraphosidae)

Comments on the Natural Expression and Artificial Extraction of Venom Gland Components from Spiders

Fine structure of the chelicera in the spider Nephila clavata

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