Functional Relationship between Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Bone tissue renewal can be outlined as a complicated mechanism centered on the interaction between osteogenic and angiogenic events capable of leading to bone formation and tissue renovation. The achievement or debacle of bone regeneration is focused on the primary role of vascularization occurrence; in particular, the turning point is the opportunity to vascularize the bulk scaffolds, in order to deliver enough nutrients, growth factors, minerals and oxygen for tissue restoration. The optimal scaffolds should ensure the development of vascular networks to warrant a positive suitable microenvironment for tissue engineering and renewal. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a main player in angiogenesis, is capable of provoking the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and indirectly stimulating osteogenesis, through the regulation of the osteogenic growth factors released and through paracrine signaling. For this reason, we concentrated our attention on two principal groups involved in the renewal of bone tissue defects: the cells and the scaffold that should guarantee an effective vascularization process. The application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), an excellent cell source for tissue restoration, evidences a crucial role in tissue engineering and bone development strategies. This review aims to provide an overview of the intimate connection between blood vessels and bone formation that appear during bone regeneration when MSCs, their secretome—Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) —and bone substitutes are used in combination.

Multilineage Differentiation Potential of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells—Impact of 3D and Hypoxic Environment on Osteogenesis In Vitro

“…Moreover, in the novel bone development or bone regeneration, vasculature delivers nutrients, growth factors, minerals, and oxygen. The scaffolds for bone regeneration should allow endothelial cell migration and the growth of new vessels, which may induce VEGF expression promoting the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and positively influence the bone regeneration process [ 72 ]. After the co-culture of DPSCs and endothelial cell line EA.hy926 on chitlac-coated thermosets, an increased proliferation with enhanced DPSC osteogenic differentiation and EA.hy926 vessel formation was observed [ 73 ], confirming positive feedback of both cell fractions.…”

Quercetin as an Agent for Protecting the Bone: A Review of the Current Evidence

“…In a bone defect, angiogenesis precedes osteogenesis to provide key elements (such as oxygen, nutrients, minerals, growth factors and bone precursor cells) required for osteogenic processes at the site of injury [ 134 ]. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the master player in coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis, capable of promoting endothelial cells’ migration and proliferation, as well as stimulating the secretion of osteogenic factors [ 135 ]. As an angiogenic inducer, angiogenin-1 (ANG-1) also enhances osteoblast differentiation, bone matrix deposition and mineralisation [ 136 ].…”

Molecular Mechanisms of Periodontal Disease

“…In any case, emerging evidence implies that both osteogenesis and angiogenesis are indispensable for successful tissue regeneration. This relationship between osteogenesis and angiogenesis is well documented in the review article by Diomede et al [ 18 ]. Recently, periodontal therapy using laser irradiation, so-called “periodontal phototherapy”, has attracted much dental attention.…”