Functional role of branched chain amino acids in poultry: a review

Kim, Woo Kyun; Singh, Amit Kumar; Wang, Jinquan; Applegate, T. J.

doi:10.1016/j.psj.2022.101715

Cited by 39 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…Their roles are diverse and include effects on performance, immunity, and intestinal health. They also serve as signaling molecules in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis ( Kim et al, 2022 ). Kop-Bozbay et al (2021) investigated the effect of increased BCAA density under HS conditions and did not observe any improvement in growth performance.…”

Section: Supplementation Of Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part II: Insights into protein and energy utilization and feeding

et al. 2022

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With the growing global demand for animal protein and rising temperatures caused by climate change, heat stress (HS) is one of the main emerging environmental challenges for the poultry industry. Commercially-reared birds are particularly sensitive to hot temperatures, so adopting production systems that mitigate the adverse effects of HS on bird performance is essential and requires a holistic approach. Feeding and nutrition can play important roles in limiting the heat load on birds; therefore, this review aims to describe the effects of HS on feed intake (FI) and nutrient digestibility and to highlight feeding strategies and nutritional solutions to potentially mitigate some of the deleterious effects of HS on broiler chickens. The reduction of FI is one of the main behavioral changes induced by hot temperatures as birds attempt to limit heat production associated with the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. Although the intensity and length of the heat period influences the type and magnitude of responses, reduced FI explains most of the performance degradation observed in HS broilers, while reduced nutrient digestibility appears to only explain a small proportion of impaired feed efficiency following HS. Targeted feeding strategies, including feed restriction and withdrawal, dual feeding, and wet feeding, have showed some promising results under hot temperatures, but these can be difficult to implement in intensive rearing systems. Concerning diet composition, feeding increased nutrient and energy diets can potentially compensate for decreased FI during HS. Indeed, high energy and high crude protein diets have both been shown to improve bird performance under HS conditions. Specifically, positive results may be obtained with increased added fat concentrations since lipids have a lower thermogenic effect compared to proteins and carbohydrates. Moreover, increased supplementation of some essential amino acids can help support increased amino acid requirements for maintenance functions caused by HS. Further research to better characterize and advance these nutritional strategies will help establish economically viable solutions to enhance productivity, health, welfare, and meat quality of broilers facing HS.

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Section: Supplementation Of Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part II: Insights into protein and energy utilization and feeding

et al. 2022

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“…The concentration of lysine and methionine in the diet formulation had been considered, but it caused a decrease in leucine and isoleucine and an increase in arginine, which may have potential adverse effects. Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are among the key regulators of protein synthesis, and their optimal ratio is essential to induce nutrient sensors to signal myocyte proliferation and differentiation leading to muscle growth and development [24]. Gradual increases in dietary arginine may have dual positive and negative effects, as slightly higher dietary arginine levels promoted growth, while excessive dietary arginine levels exhibited reduced growth [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cottonseed meal on growth performance, liver redox status, and serum biochemical parameters in goslings at 1 to 28 days of age

Yang

et al. 2022

BMC Vet Res

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Background Cottonseed meal (CSM), a relatively rich source of protein and amino acids, is used as an inexpensive alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in poultry diets. However, the toxicity of free gossypol in CSM has been a primary concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of CSM on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and liver redox status in goslings at 1 to 28 days of age. Three hundred 1-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 goslings/pen, 6 replicate pens/group) and subjected to a 28-day experiment. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated such that 0% (control), 25% (CSM25), 50% (CSM50), 75% (CSM75), and 100% (CSM100) of protein from SBM was replaced by protein from CSM. The free gossypol contents in the five diets were 0, 56, 109, 166, and 222 mg/kg, respectively. Results The results showed that dietary CSM was associated with linear decreases in body weight, average daily feed intake and average daily gain and linear increases in the feed-to-gain ratio from 1 to 28 days of age (P < 0.001). As the dietary CSM concentration increased, a numerical increase was found in the mortality of goslings. According to a single-slope broken-line model, the breakpoints for the average daily gain of dietary free gossypol concentration on days 1 to 14, 15 to 28, and 1 to 28 occurred at 23.63, 14.78, and 18.53 mg/kg, respectively. As the dietary CSM concentration increased, serum albumin (P < 0.001) concentrations decreased linearly and serum uric acid (P = 0.011) increased linearly. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (P = 0.002) and catalase (P < 0.001) and glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.001) activities of the liver decreased linearly with increasing dietary CSM. However, dietary CSM did not affect the concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites, malondialdehyde, or protein carbonyl in the liver. Conclusions The increasing dietary CSM increased the concentration of free gossypol and altered the composition of some amino acids in the diet. A high concentration of CSM reduced the growth performance of goslings aged 1 to 28 days by decreasing feed intake, liver metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. From the primary concern of free gossypol in CSM, the tolerance of goslings to free gossypol from CSM is low, and the toxicity of free gossypol has a cumulative effect over time.

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“…Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), isoleucine, valine, and leucine, play an important role in the growth, production performance, immunity, and intestinal health of chickens. Inclusion of BCAA in the chicken diet is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system and the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity [44]. However, our current understanding of the effect of BCAA on bacterial diversity in the gut is very limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic and metagenomic analyses define the development of the microbiota in the chick

Bogomolnaya

Talamantes

Rocha

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Chicks are ideal to follow the development of the intestinal microbiota and to understand how a pathogen perturbs this developing population. Taxonomic/metagenomic analyses captured the development of the chick microbiota in unperturbed chicks and in chicks infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (STm) during development. Taxonomic analysis suggests that colonization by the chicken microbiota takes place in several waves. The cecal microbiota stabilizes at day 12 post-hatch with prominent Gammaproteobacteria and Clostridiales. Introduction of S. Typhimurium at day 4 post-hatch disrupted the expected waves of intestinal colonization. Taxonomic and metagenomic shotgun sequencing analyses allowed us to identify species present in uninfected chicks. Untargeted metabolomics suggested different metabolic activities in infected chick microbiota. This analysis, and GS-MS on ingesta confirmed that lactic acid in cecal content coincides with the stable presence of Enterococci in STm infected chicks. Unique metabolites including 2-isopropylmalic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of leucine, was present only in the cecal content of STm infected chicks. Metagenomic data suggested that the microbiota in STm infected chicks contained a higher abundance of genes, from STm itself, involved in branched chain amino acid synthesis. We generated a deletion mutant in ilvC (STM3909) encoding ketol-acid-reductoisomerase, a gene required for the production of L-isoleucine and L-valine. ΔilvC mutants are disadvantaged for growth during competitive infection with the wild type. Providing the ilvC gene in trans restored growth of the ΔilvC mutant. Our integrative approach identified biochemical pathways used by STm to establish a colonization niche in the chick intestine during development.

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Functional role of branched chain amino acids in poultry: a review

Cited by 39 publications

References 122 publications

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part II: Insights into protein and energy utilization and feeding

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part II: Insights into protein and energy utilization and feeding

Effects of cottonseed meal on growth performance, liver redox status, and serum biochemical parameters in goslings at 1 to 28 days of age

Taxonomic and metagenomic analyses define the development of the microbiota in the chick

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