Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis

Xue, Qianqian; He, Ningning; Wang, Zhibin; Fu, Xiuxiu; Aung, Lynn Htet Htet; Liu, Yan; Li, Min; Cho, Jae Youl; Yang, Yanyan; Yu, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.002

Cited by 85 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…(1) S: Stored ginseng; H: harvested ginseng; T: temperature; h: steaming time; (2) WG: white ginseng; (3) The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3); * p < 0.05, compared with WG.…”

Section: Steam Processing and Appearance Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of free sugar analyses are shown in Table 2, WG (381.11 ± 73.97 mg/g) of SG had higher sucrose contents than that of WG (308.45 ± 4.74 mg/g) of HG. (2) WG: White ginseng; (3) The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3); * p < 0.05, compared with WG.…”

Section: Free Sugarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Table 3, the BAP content of SG was 1.11 ± 0.57 µg/kg after one heat treatment process for three hours, whereas for HG it was 0.44 ± 0.03 µg/kg. (1) S-T85-3h (2) (1) S: Stored ginseng; H: Harvested ginseng; T: Temperature; h: Steaming time; B: main root; R: fine root; (2) The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05, compared with WG.…”

Section: Benzo[a]pyrenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is typically cultivated for 4, 5, or 6 years. The bioactive saponin components of ginseng are the ginsenosides, which are classified into protopanaxadiol (PPD type) and protopanaxatriol (PPT type) [ 2 ]. Ginseng cultivation occurs between spring and autumn; if it is not consumed within one week of harvest, it will quickly decay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

Oh¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

et al. 2021

Metabolites

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Ginseng processing often involves multiple drying and heat treatments. Ginseng is typically processed within one week of harvesting or is stored at low temperatures to prevent spoilage. Black ginseng (BG) is manufactured by repeating the heat treatment and drying process of ginseng several times. We compared the suitability of low-temperature stored ginseng (SG) and harvested ginseng (HG) as the components for black ginseng production. SG and HG were processed into black ginseng and the appearance change, free sugar content, and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) content were observed. Appearance observations showed the SG to be suitable in terms of quality when heat-treated at a temperature of 95 ℃ or higher. The BAP content of the SG increased significantly as the steaming process was repeated. A maximum BAP concentration of 5.31 ± 1.12 μg/kg was measured in SG steamed from 2 to 5 times, making it unsuitable for processing into BG. SG and HG showed similar trends in the content of sucrose, fructose, and glucose during steaming. This study aimed to facilitate the proper choice of base material to improve the safety of black ginseng by limiting BAP production during processing.

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“…(1) S: Stored ginseng; H: harvested ginseng; T: temperature; h: steaming time; (2) WG: white ginseng; (3) The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3); * p < 0.05, compared with WG.…”

Section: Steam Processing and Appearance Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Free Sugarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Benzo[a]pyrenementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

Oh¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

et al. 2021

Metabolites

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In recent decades, the medicinal value of ginseng has been recognized worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. A large number of studies have shown that ginsenosides play pivotal pharmacological and therapeutic roles [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Among over 100 ginsenosides isolated and identified from ginseng, five major ginsenosides, viz., Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, Re, and Rg 1 , account for more than 80% of all ginsenosides [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd

et al. 2021

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α-l-arabinofuranosidase is a subfamily of glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of l-arabinofuranosidic bonds, especially in those of the terminal non-reducing arabinofuranosyl residues of glycosides, from which efficient glycoside hydrolases can be screened for the transformation of ginsenosides. In this study, the ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase gene, BsAbfA, was cloned from Bacilus subtilis, and its codons were optimized for efficient expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein BsAbfA fused with an N-terminal His-tag was overexpressed and purified, and then subjected to enzymatic characterization. Site-directed mutagenesis of BsAbfA was performed to verify the catalytic site, and the molecular mechanism of BsAbfA catalyzing ginsenoside Rc was analyzed by molecular docking, using the homology model of sequence alignment with other β-glycosidases. The results show that the purified BsAbfA had a specific activity of 32.6 U/mg. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, 40 °C), the kinetic parameters Km of BsAbfA for pNP-α-Araf and ginsenoside Rc were 0.6 mM and 0.4 mM, while the Kcat/Km were 181.5 s−1 mM−1 and 197.8 s−1 mM−1, respectively. More than 90% of ginsenoside Rc could be transformed by 12 U/mL purified BsAbfA at 40 °C and pH 5 in 24 h. The results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the E173 and E292 variants for BsAbfA are important in recognizing ginsenoside Rc effectively, and to make it enter the active pocket to hydrolyze the outer arabinofuranosyl moieties at C20 position. These remarkable properties and the catalytic mechanism of BsAbfA provide a good alternative for the effective biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rc into Rd.

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Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms

Zhang

Xue

et al. 2022

Phytotherapy Research

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Vascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular-related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular-related diseases, including cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.

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Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis

Cited by 85 publications

References 90 publications

Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd

Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms

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