Functional Skin Testing: the SMART Procedures

John, Swen Malte; Schwanitz, Hans Joachim

doi:10.1007/3-540-31294-3_25

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Acid/alkali aggression tests were commonly used to detect workers that were likely to develop occupational diseases in certain chemical work environments (12); more specifically, acid/alkali neutralization tests assess how quickly the skin is able to buffer applied acids/bases (1). Ayer and Maibach (7) reported that in an in vitro model by successive applications of NaOH; the buffering capacity of skin is significantly diminished, irrespective of concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring human skin buffering capacity: an in vitro model

Zhai

Chan

Farahmand

et al. 2009

Skin Research and Technology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring human skin buffering capacity: an in vitro model

Zhai

Chan

Farahmand

et al. 2009

Skin Research and Technology

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“…Under special conditions and with standardization of room temperature and humidity, diminished skin resilience may be demonstrated – despite the absence of clinical symptoms – using the differential irritation test, which is the measurement of transepidermal water loss after standardized parallel exposure to normal saline and 0.5 M NaOH solution on the ventral aspect of the forearm and the back of the hand . With respect to recognized occupational diseases, this may be important in the assessment of the reduction in earning capacity.…”

Section: Further Diagnostic Workupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand dermatitis – differential diagnoses, diagnostics, and treatment options

Mahler

2015

J Deutsche Derma Gesell

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SummaryThe pathogenesis of hand dermatitis is multifactorial, and includes factors such as genetic predisposition and exposure. A high incidence rate is associated with female gender, contact allergy, atopic dermatitis, and wet work. The most important risk factors for the persistence of hand dermatitis include its extent, contact allergic or atopic etiology, childhood dermatitis, and early onset (before the age of 20). The cost of illness of hand dermatitis corresponds to this seen in moderate to severe psoriasis. The diagnostic workup of hand dermatitis and its differential diagnoses requires a detailed assessment of occupational and recreational exposure. In case of possible work-related triggers, early notification of the accident insurer should be sought (via the dermatologist's report). Exposure to a contact allergen is a contributing factor in one-half of all cases of hand dermatitis. It is therefore imperative that all patients with hand dermatitis persisting for more than three months undergo patch testing. Successful and sustainable treatment of hand dermatitis starts with the proper identification and elimination of individual triggers, including the substitution of identified contact allergens and irritants, as well as optimizing preventive measures. Graded therapy taking the clinical severity into account is essential. Validated instruments may be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy. IntroductionThe pathogenesis of hand dermatitis is multifactorial. Both genetic as well as environmental factors play a role in the development of hand dermatitis. Despite the small body surface area affected (maximum of 4 % according to the rule of nines [1]), hand dermatitis is marked by great economic and sociomedical significance, impacting all aspects of life [2]. Hand dermatitis represents the majority of occupational skin diseases. The present article summarizes current knowledge with respect to this pathogenetically and morphologically heterogeneous entity and its differential diagnoses, and provides practical information on diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiology Incidence and prevalence of hand dermatitisHand dermatitis is common. Based on an analysis of 36 studies on the prevalence of hand dermatitis, the average point prevalence in the general Analysis of seven studies revealed a mean incidence of 5.5 cases/1,000 personyears (9.6 in women, 4.0 in men) [3].The only population-based study on the prevalence of hand dermatitis conducted in Germany to date (random sample n = 2,500, response rate 72 %, age range 18-70 years) found a point prevalence of 3.4 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.6-4.4 %) and a one-year prevalence of 6.4 % (95 % CI 5.3-7.7 %) in the Heidelberg area [4]. Risk factorsAtopic dermatitis, gender, age, contact allergy, and wet work Numerous studies, recently summarized in a review article, have investigated the incidence and risk factors of hand dermatitis: a high incidence is associated with female gender, contact allergies, atopic dermatitis, and wet work [3]. Atopic dermatitis has been id...

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“…The volar forearm was a more discriminating site than the dorsal hand (24). Marked regional variations of skin reactivity attributed to differences in keratinization and in the density of epidermal shunts such as hair follicles and sweat duct exist (25). Additional comparisons of anatomical site reactivity might aid generalization from the data at one site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisturizer effect on Irritant Dermatitis: an overview

Yokota

Maibach

2006

Contact Dermatitis

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Moisturizers are empirically used as prevention and treatment of surfactant and irritant dermatitis. Some products state they not only improve barrier function by providing moisturization but also create an environment optimal for healing. Yet, moisturizer clinical efficacy remains a topic of controversy. We reviewed publication from 1992 to 2006 that quantitatively examines moisturizer effectiveness, as an update of our prior overview, Zhai and Maibach in 1998 (2). We intuitively (in a testimonial sense) believe that moisturizers are sometimes effective for preventing and treating irritant dermatitis. However, moisturizer may not be broadly effective (8, 12) and may be relatively specific against certain acids, bases, hydrophilics, and lipophilics. We need to develop principles of what is formulated in moisturizers to improve efficacy; for this purpose, there is a need for experimental moisturizer models for comparative studies.

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Functional Skin Testing: the SMART Procedures

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Measuring human skin buffering capacity: an in vitro model

Measuring human skin buffering capacity: an in vitro model

Hand dermatitis – differential diagnoses, diagnostics, and treatment options

Moisturizer effect on Irritant Dermatitis: an overview

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