Functionalization at the double‐bond region of jojoba oil. 7. Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to polystyrene resins

Jojoba oil is of immense importance for industrial applications. There are a lot of published articles concerning its various uses in cosmetics, detergents, surfactants and lubricants. Therefore, this work was devoted to exploring its application for further use in the leather industry as a fat-liquoring agent. The fat-liquoring process is one important step in leather manufacturing, with the intention of obtaining leather of full, soft handle, flexibility, and pliability as well as improving its mechanical properties. The study involved preparation of jojoba fatliquor via a sulfitation process. An improvement of the sulfitation process based on combined SO 3 content was achieved under phase transfer catalysis (PTC). Two differently prepared types of phase transfer catalyst of phosphonium and ammonium types were investigated, namely, benzyl tri-phenyl phosphonium chloride (BTPP) and triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBA). The fat-liquored leather led to an improvement in its mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break. In addition, a significant enhancement of the texture of the treated leather by jojoba fat-liquor as indicated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images was observed.

Section: Fatty Acid Compositionsupporting

confidence: 96%

Preparation of Fat‐Liquor Based on Jojoba Oil Under Phase Transfer Catalysis

Nashy¹,

Megahed²,

El‐Ghaffar³

2011

“…The main application of jojoba wax is currently in cosmetics, but the wax and its derivatives have potential commercial uses in a variety of fields, including pharmaceuticals and lubrication (2,3). It was recently found that chemical binding of jojoba wax to a polystyrene matrix (4,5) followed by sulfurchlorination or phosphonation produced a solid suitable for use as an extractant for metal ions (6). This type of extractant has a number of advantages over resins impregnated with phosphonated and sulfurized jojoba wax derivatives, which have previously been used for extraction of metal ions, such as uranium and mercury (7)(8)(9), i.e., there were no problems of loss of expensive extractants or of contamination of aqueous solutions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to polyethylene

Shevachman

Belfer

Binman

et al. 2001

Self Cite

Jojoba wax was chemically bonded to polyethylene-in film or hollow fiber form-via a stable sulfonamide bond. The jojoba-bonded polyethylene was obtained by binding allyl amino jojoba derivatives to chlorosulfonated polyethylene. The amount of jojoba added to the polymer ranged from 9 to 98% (w/w), depending on the reaction conditions. Swelling of the polymer in the reaction solvent was the major factor affecting the efficacy of the chemical binding of the jojoba amino groups to the chlorosulfonyl entities of the polymer. The double-bond regions in the bound jojoba wax were preserved, i.e., they were shown to be reactive in a bromination reaction. These modified membranes can find application in separation processes, such as metal ion separation and pervaporation.

“…The solid products were obtained as described in our preceding papers (3,4). 13 C NMR and 31 P NMR spectra in CDCl 3 solution were obtained on a Bruker DMX-500 MHz instrument (Karlsruhe, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 31 P signal of diethyl jojobylphosphonate XI (Table 3) in solution appeared at δ32.5, downfield from 85% H 3 PO 4 as the internal standard (8). In the solid-state VACP-MAS NMR spectrum of V (Scheme 1), three 31 P signals could be distinguished with chemical shift parameters (with respect to the phosphor line in 85% H 3 The isotropic chemical shift values of these MAS sideband patterns were 1.8, 17.5, and 24.5 ppm, respectively, with line widths of about 10 ppm and relative intensities about equal to 2:1:1. The 31 P spectrum of X (Scheme 2, n = 2) contained similar sideband patterns to the V spectrum, the only differences being a significant reduction of the chemical shift anisotropy of the first pattern and an increase of the widths of the center and sidebands of the second and third patterns by a factor of about two.…”

Section: Table 1 Chemical Shifts a Of 13 C Of Jojoba Oil (I) As Liquimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solid supports of this type were recently prepared by chemical bonding of jojoba wax, a long-chain liquid ester, to a polystyrene backbone, either directly by C-C bond or via a "spacer," such as polyamine, by C-N bonds. The double bonds in the jojoba wax molecule were subsequently phosphonated or sulfurchlorinated to produce the solid extractant for metal ions (3,4). These jojoba-based extractants were found to be efficient and selective for specific ions (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Functionalization at the double‐bond region of jojoba oil. 9. solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of substituted jojoba wax chemically bonded to a polystyrene matrix

Binman

Vega

Belfer

et al. 1998

Solid extractants for metal ions have been prepared by chemical bonding of jojoba wax to a polystyrene backbone, followed by phosphonation or sulfur-chlorination of the jojoba moiety. In this study, the intermediates and final solid products of the reactions were characterized by solid-state 13 C and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectra showed the expected chemical shifts of the atoms involved in the chemical reactions, as well as other parts of the reacting molecules. Thus, the carbonyl carbon of the jojoba chain appears at 175 ppm, the methyl carbons at 15 ppm, the polystyrene backbone at 40-42 ppm (aliphatic carbons) and 128, 137, 143-147 (aromatic carbons). Carbons adjacent to N, S, and P appear at 45-55, 60, and 48 ppm, respectively. JAOCS 75, 521-525 (1998). KEY WORDS:Chemically bonded oil to polystyrene, jojoba oil, phosphonated jojoba oil, solid-state NMR, sulfur-chlorinated jojoba oil.Solid extractants for metal ions from aqueous solutions have the dual advantage that they can be recycled without loss of material or extraction activity (1,2). Thus, small quantities of such solid matrices can be used to purify large volumes of contaminated aqueous wastes, either to remove the toxic elements or to recover the precious metals. Solid supports of this type were recently prepared by chemical bonding of jojoba wax, a long-chain liquid ester, to a polystyrene backbone, either directly by C-C bond or via a "spacer," such as polyamine, by C-N bonds. The double bonds in the jojoba wax molecule were subsequently phosphonated or sulfurchlorinated to produce the solid extractant for metal ions (3,4). These jojoba-based extractants were found to be efficient and selective for specific ions (5).Because these new extractants are rich in polystyrene, conventional methods of chemical analysis are not suitable for characterization of the intermediates or the final products. We therefore used solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a characterization tool and found that this informative technique lent support to the proposed synthetic pathways outlined in Schemes 1 and 2. We also obtained the 31 P NMR spectrum of the phosphonated final product as independent confirmation of the chemical identification of the product. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESThe solid products were obtained as described in our preceding papers (3,4). 13 C NMR and 31 P NMR spectra in CDCl 3 solution were obtained on a Bruker DMX-500 MHz instrument (Karlsruhe, Germany). Solid-state 13 C NMR spectra were obtained with a Bruker DSX-300 MHz spectrometer and a 4-mm MAS probe. All 13 C spectra were run on samples spinning at 10,000 ± 2 Hz. The variable amplitude cross polarization-magic angle spinning (VACP-MAS) 13 C and 31 P spectra were recorded with a proton decoupling power of 85 kHz, a mixing time of 4 ms, and a repetition time of 2 s; 800 scans were accumulated before Fourier transformation. The 31 P spectra were measured at a spinning speed of 6,000 ± 2 Hz. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION13 C NMR of jojoba oil (illustrate...