Functionalization of cardanol: towards biobased polymers and additives

Abstract

Among the renewable resource materials, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is considered as an important starting material due to its unique structural features, abundant availability and low cost. A large number of chemicals and products have been developed starting from CNSL by taking advantage of the three reactive sites, namely, phenolic hydroxyl, aromatic ring and unsaturation(s) in the alkenyl side chain. This comprehensive review deals with general information on CNSL, its purification and separation methods, reactivity and applications in polymer chemistry.

A chemical platform approach on cardanol oil: from the synthesis of building blocks to polymer synthesis

“…Our team published a comprehensive review on the functionalization of cardanol for the synthesis of monomers, polymers and additives (Voirin et al, 2014). Moreover, we synthesized new building blocks from cardanol 1 in one or two step synthesis by various reactions (Jaillet et al, 2015), such as thiol-ene coupling, allylation, epoxidation, carbonation or acrylation (Scheme 1).…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Monofunctional Benzoxazine From Cardanol

“…The lower exotherm peak may be due to the reaction took place through unsaturation of side chain, both from internal double bond (monoene, diene) and vinyl bond (triene). This reaction could lead to the increase in viscosity of the benzoxazine monomer [3]. According to Rodrigues et al cardanol could be thermal oligomerized at 140 °C and the dimer was the main oligomer formed.…”

Derivatives of Cardanol through the Ene Reaction with Diethyl Azodicarboxylate

“…20,21 More derivatives have been given in a recent review. 1 Despite the voluminous literature, there seems to be no prior report on the use of ene reaction to derivatize the olefins on the alkenyl moieties of cardanol. In the ene reaction, an electron-deficient olefin forms a bond with an olefin that contains an allylic hydrogen.…”

“…Cardanol, obtained by double vacuum distillation of CNSL, is not only cheap but biodegradable and abundantly available, especially in India. 1,2 It is an alkyl/alkenyl phenol where the non-aromatic chain contains 15 carbon atoms, which may be a saturated hydrocarbon (5-8%), a mono-ene (48-49%), a diene (16-17%), or a triene (29-30%) as shown in Figure 1.…”