Functionalization of Synthetic Bone Substitutes

Abstract

Bone substitutes have been applied to treat osseous defects for a long time. To prevent implant related infection (IRI) and enhance bone healing functionalized biomaterials, antibiotics and osteoinductive substances have been introduced. This study gives an overview of the current available surface-coated bone substitutes and provides an outlook for future perspectives.

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Bone Metastases and Primary Bone Tumors: An Up-to-Date Review

“…The carrier system should be biocompatible, non-immunogenic, and inert to the normal bone healing events [90]. In this regard, several organic and inorganic materials have been investigated as possible carriers for bone tissue regeneration in the past years [3,93] (Figure 5). Natural and synthetic polymers have been extensively researched for delivering drugs to target tissues [91,95].…”

“…Its flowability, injectability, bio- Natural and synthetic polymers have been extensively researched for delivering drugs to target tissues [91,95]. Natural polymers, including chitosan, gelatin, collagen, fibrin, hyaluronic acid, silk, glycosaminoglycans, and alginate, are considered advantageous as carriers due to their inherent biocompatibility and bioactivity [3,90,96].…”

“…Particularly, polymer nanoparticles could be ideal candidates for cancer therapy due to their efficacy, simple elaboration, design, and wide structural variety [94]. Most commonly used synthetic polymers are polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic-co-glycolide (PLGA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly-p-dioxanone, and copolymers consisting of glycolide/trimethylene carbonate [3]. PMMA can also find use as a carrier of antineoplastic and antiresorptive agents.…”

“…An ideal artificial graft must be biocompatible and biodegradable while supporting osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteointegration [3,160]. Additionally, the grafting material should lack carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, be well-tolerated by the organism, bioresorbable, hydrophilic, non-antigenic, non-toxic, affordable, easy to manipulate, sterile or sterilizable, and have excellent biomechanical characteristics [18,161].…”

“…Bone is a highly active and dynamic connective tissue, which provides vital organ protection, mechanical support, locomotion, and structural body framework [1,2]. Bone has high functional stability and regeneration potential, but, in some cases, the self-healing capacity of the bone tissue is impeded in critical-sized defects caused by trauma, tumor, or infection [3,4]. In particular, bone represents a common metastatic site in cancer patients [5] and is also associated with the development of rare malignant primary tumors [6,7].…”