Functionalized clay heterostructures for reducing cadmium and lead uptake by plants in contaminated soils

Influence of pea and wheat growth on Pb, Cd, and Zn mobility and soil biological status in a polluted amended soil

“…During the last decade, the possibility of heavy metal immobilization in soils through the addition of different amendments or sorbents, has been extensively investigated in order to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, plant uptake, and exposure to living organisms (Castaldi et al, 2005;Tandy et al, 2009). However, some major limits of such approach have been identified either in the amendment selectivity for specific metals or in the duration of their effects (Diaz et al, 2007). Also, the chemical and physical evaluation of soil pollution after the amendment application is not sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.…”

Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments

“…Modified clay minerals, for example thiol-grafted synthetic beidellite (montmorillonite type clay), applied to contaminated soil reduced Cd uptake by rye grass 5-fold compared with unamended soil, but Pb uptake by plants was unaffected [72].…”

Comparative sorption capacity of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by natural zeolite in phosphoric acid medium

“…However, not all heavy metals can be absorbed by clay minerals. For example, lead and cadmium ions have larger size so that their absorption with clays could be inefficient [8][9][10]. In general, clays are able to absorb only cations but crystalline ones (allophane, etc.)…”