Functionalized Fullerenes and Their Applications in Electrochemistry, Solar Cells, and Nanoelectronics

Abstract

Carbon-based nanomaterials have rapidly advanced over the last few decades. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots have been developed and intensively studied. Among them, fullerenes have attracted increasing research attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties, which have great potential in a wide range of applications. In this article, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in the synthesis and the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes and related composites. The review begins with the introduction of various methods for the synthesis of functionalized fullerenes. A discussion then follows on their chemical and physical properties. Thereafter, various intriguing applications, such as using carbon nanotubes as nanoreactors for fullerene chemical reactions, are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a summary of future research, major challenges to be met, and possible solutions.

Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor in biomedical application, a comprehensive study

“…While fullerene-based sensors are not as extensively studied as other carbon nanomaterials like graphene or carbon nanotubes, they offer unique properties that make them attractive for certain sensing applications. Here are some potential applications of C60 as an electrochemical sensor [49][50][51]. While the use of C60 as an electrochemical sensor is still an active area of research, its unique properties, including redox activity, electron transfer kinetics, stability, and the ability to detect reactive species, make it an intriguing material for certain sensing applications.…”

“…The particular binding between a DNA probe that has been mounted on the sensor surface and its complementary target DNA sequence is what drives DNA hybridization-based sensors. A change in the electrochemical signal, such as a change in voltage or current, is caused by the hybridization event and can be monitored to determine whether the target DNA is present or concentrated [48][49][50]. Additionally, it could detect proteins using a variety of methods, including immunosorbent assays involving enzymes (ELISAs) and antibody-based tests.…”

Electrochemistry of Carbon Materials: Progress in Raman Spectroscopy, Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, and Applications

“…For these experiments, special electrochemical cells, electrolytes, electrode materials, and other parameters are important [ 141 ]. Recent works include electrochemical studies of carbon materials [ 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 ].…”

Photoemission Insight to Filling of Large 1.7 nm Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Silver Chloride

“…There are two methods for investigating the electronic properties of filled carbon nanotubes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a viable tool for the characterization of carbon nanotubes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. It is a non-destructive, useful method to reveal the Fermi level shift in filled SWCNTs.…”