Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Abstract

Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles followed two main directions in the field of biomedical applications: one direction is as image enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the other is as drugdelivery devices for various biologically-active substances. A third field which just emerges in nanomedicine is the field of the so-called theranostic devices which combines in the same delivery vehicle both the therapeutic agent and the contrast substance. The advantages of using nanoparticles instead of larger carriers for delivery of both drug and image contrast enhancing agents will be highlighted throughout this review article. Despite the ever increasing number of articles reporting both in vitro and in vivo studies carried out on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and envisaging their potential biomedical applications, only few formulations reached the phase of clinical trials and even fewer became marketed products. The perspectives in the field are open, since new drugs require new delivery devices and possibly new means of functionalization. At the same time, the field of nanomedicine also provides the opportunity to better exploit drugs that are already in clinical use by improving their bioavailability through appropriate nanoformulations.

Immobilization of recombinant pectate lyase from Clostridium thermocellum ATCC‐27405 on magnetic nanoparticles for bioscouring of cotton fabric

“…Again a large amount of PL1B was attached to a single MNP resulting in a decrease of M s by 65% of the synthesized MNPs. The quenching of the magnetic moment also occurred due to the exchange of electrons between protein and atoms present on the surface of MNPs as reported earlier …”

“…The quenching of the magnetic moment also occurred due to the exchange of electrons between protein and atoms present on the surface of MNPs as reported earlier. 30 Figure 3A) whereas the PL1B bound MNPs were found to be covered by a smooth layer encapsulating the entire particle ( Figure 3B). Though some aggregates were visible due to high surface energy of immobilized PL1B-MNP as also reported earlier.…”

Metal‐based nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering

“…As a solution, surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles can play an important role to reduce their oxidation process, preventing the aggregation and agglomeration, and enhancing their biocompatibility (Li et al, 2018; Veiseh, Gunn, & Zhang, 2010). Besides, the biomedical and pharmaceutical activities such as targeting to specific tissue or cell, limiting nonspecific cell interactions and tracking duration can be improved due the surface functionalization processes by organic and inorganic coated layers (Gudovan, Balaure, Eduard Mihaiescu, Fudulu, & Radu, 2015; Li et al, 2018). In the context of bone tissue engineering, the presence and incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles in the structure of designed scaffolds can provide a better condition for cellular stimulation and altering the cellular responses, which are desirable for the formation of bone tissue and treating bone‐related diseases (Kim et al, 2014).…”

Biocompatible polymeric coatings do not inherently reducethe cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles

“…Because of the toxicity of nickel and cobalt elements, iron-based nanoparticles are more commonly used for biomedical applications (Mahmoudi et al, 2011b). In the last few decades, MNPs have been increasingly used in biomedicine, especially for drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia therapy, biosensors, theranostic devices, cell sorting, cell labeling, tissue repair, and magnetofection studies (Gupta and Gupta, 2005;Kaushik et al, 2008;Mahdavi et al, 2013;Bayir et al, 2014;Gudovan et al, 2015).…”