2021
DOI: 10.3390/biom11060829
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Functions and Regulation of Endogenous Retrovirus Elements during Zygotic Genome Activation: Implications for Improving Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Efficiency

Abstract: Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), previously viewed as deleterious relics of ancestral retrovirus infections, are silenced in the vast majority of cells to minimize the risk of retrotransposition. Counterintuitively, bursts of ERV transcription usually occur during maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in preimplantation embryos; this is regarded as a major landmark event in the zygotic genome activation (ZGA) process, indicating that ERVs play an active part in ZGA. Evolutionarily, the interaction between ERVs a… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is a critical event in pre-implantation embryo development, where the paternal genome undergoes genome-wide loss of DNA methylation, and H3K4me3 and H4 acetylation occur, leading to transcriptional activation and translational activity during major ZGA-failures in ZGA result in developmental arrest and inability to progress further [40]. Therefore, HERVs are involved in early development by reshaping the gene regulatory network of the preimplantation embryo [41], and their expression is associated with undifferentiated states, phenotypic plasticity, and stem cell characteristics [42], which are traits linked to aggressive cancer and poor patient outcomes. While HERV expression is tightly controlled in normal adult tissues, it is reported to be abnormally expressed in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, neurological, aging, and viral infections.…”
Section: Retrovirus: Human Endogenous Retroviruses (Hervs)mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is a critical event in pre-implantation embryo development, where the paternal genome undergoes genome-wide loss of DNA methylation, and H3K4me3 and H4 acetylation occur, leading to transcriptional activation and translational activity during major ZGA-failures in ZGA result in developmental arrest and inability to progress further [40]. Therefore, HERVs are involved in early development by reshaping the gene regulatory network of the preimplantation embryo [41], and their expression is associated with undifferentiated states, phenotypic plasticity, and stem cell characteristics [42], which are traits linked to aggressive cancer and poor patient outcomes. While HERV expression is tightly controlled in normal adult tissues, it is reported to be abnormally expressed in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, neurological, aging, and viral infections.…”
Section: Retrovirus: Human Endogenous Retroviruses (Hervs)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses can be classified into two sub-types based on the presence or absence of a specific deletion. Type I proviruses express a protein called Np9, while type II proviruses express the Rec protein, which plays a role in RNA transport [41,52]. HERV-K Rec can induce viral restriction pathways in early embryonic cells.…”
Section: The Disease-inducing Potential Of Herv-k (Hml-2)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This process is known as ZGA ( Lee et al, 2014 ; Jukam et al, 2017 ; Schulz and Harrison, 2019 ). Reconstructed cloned embryos also undergo ZGA since oocyte cytoplasm can initiate reprogramming when the somatic cell genome is introduced ( Deng et al, 2020 ; Fu et al, 2021 ). Although this reprogramming can result in cloned animals successfully, the insufficient reprogramming by oocyte cytoplasm leads to low efficiency, and many SCNT embryos arrest at the ZGA stage ( Matoba et al, 2014 ; Loi et al, 2016 ; Zhang et al, 2018c ; Deng et al, 2018 ).…”
Section: Epigenetic Defects During Pre-implantation Development In Cl...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…TE sequences may be transcribed and transposition events occur at di erent levels in di erent cells and tissues of the adult organism, and this may serve important functions. From a species evolution perspective, indeed transpositions in early development, like that of ERVs which were found to have highest expression in oocyte, zygote, and four-cell stages, are most important as these are passed down to future generations in the germline (Lapp and Hunter, 2019;Fu et al, 2021). The acquired roles in their new loci and functions in development and adulthood are key to organism tness and thus have a clear evolutionary role.…”
Section: Co-opted Functions Of Tes In Neurobiologymentioning
confidence: 99%