Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides in Vertebrates

Ávila, Eva E.

doi:10.2174/1389203717666160813162629

Cited by 49 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…The β‐defensins are a large family of peptides that exhibit a range of different functions besides antimicrobial activity. For example, a rat epididymis‐specific β‐defensin, Bin1b, can bind to the sperm head and initiate sperm motility (Zhou et al, ), whereas the human β‐defensin 1 was shown to interact with CCR6 to promote sperm motility in the reproductive tract (Diao et al, ), Moreover, β‐defensin (DefbD9) in mice and bovine β‐defensin (called SPAG‐11) are both correlated with sperm motility (Avila, ). In the present work, β‐defensin 129 in seminal extracellular vesicles was shown to be negatively correlated with sperm motility; it has been reported that a common mutation in β‐defensin 129 causes impaired sperm penetration through the cervical mucus and not reduced progressive motility (Tollner et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic analysis of seminal extracellular vesicle proteins involved in asthenozoospermia by iTRAQ

Lin

Liang

et al. 2019

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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Asthenozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility, but in most cases its etiology is unknown. The exocytic cell vesicles called seminal extracellular vesicles in the human seminal fluid have been reported to play a pivotal role in promoting the motility of spermatozoa, and functional disorder of seminal extracellular vesicles may cause male infertility. To determine whether abnormal seminal extracellular vesicles are involved in asthenozoospermia, the differential abundance proteins between normozoospermic (NSEV) and asthenozoospermic seminal extracellular vesicles (ASEV) samples were analyzed by iTRAQ coupled with two‐dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 3,699 proteins were identified in the seminal extracellular vesicles (false discovery rate <0.01). Overall, 11 proteins were significantly upregulated (>1.2) in ASEV and 80 were significantly downregulated (<0.833). Functional bioinformatic analysis showed that these proteins with differential abundance were mainly associated with transport, metabolism, and signal pathways. The changes of OPTN, SMYD2, EIF2B2, TRPV6, ACE, PRSS8, and PPAP2A in ASEV were verified by western blot analysis, and we found that the abundance of TRPV6 markedly reduced in the seminal extracellular vesicles and ejaculated spermatozoa of asthenozoospermic patients, which indicated trpv6 was important in sperm motility. This study provides deeper insight into the involvement of seminal extracellular vesicles in asthenozoospermia and should aid the search for novel biomarkers of male infertility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic analysis of seminal extracellular vesicle proteins involved in asthenozoospermia by iTRAQ

Lin

Liang

et al. 2019

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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“…The defensin family of genes expressed maternally and by the fetus probably combat bacteria ascending from the vagina, but possibly from other sources. Several defensins are known to be produced by fetal membranes including DEFB1 (Avila ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutations in fetal genes involved in innate immunity and host defense against microbes increase risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)

Modi

Teves

Pearson

et al. 2017

Molec Gen & Gen Med

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BackgroundTwin studies have revealed a significant contribution of the fetal genome to risk of preterm birth. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is the leading identifiable cause of preterm delivery. Infection and inflammation of the fetal membranes is commonly found associated with PPROM.MethodsWe carried out whole exome sequencing (WES) of genomic DNA from neonates born of African‐American mothers whose pregnancies were complicated by PPROM (76) or were normal term pregnancies (N = 43) to identify mutations in 35 candidate genes involved in innate immunity and host defenses against microbes. Targeted genotyping of mutations in the candidates discovered by WES was conducted on an additional 188 PPROM cases and 175 controls.ResultsWe identified rare heterozygous nonsense and frameshift mutations in several of the candidate genes, including CARD6, CARD8, DEFB1, FUT2, MBL2, NLP10, NLRP12, and NOD2. We discovered that some mutations (CARD6, DEFB1, FUT2, MBL2, NLRP10, NOD2) were present only in PPROM cases.ConclusionsWe conclude that rare damaging mutations in innate immunity and host defense genes, the majority being heterozygous, are more frequent in neonates born of pregnancies complicated by PPROM. These findings suggest that the risk of preterm birth in African‐Americans may be conferred by mutations in multiple genes encoding proteins involved in dampening the innate immune response or protecting the host against microbial infection and microbial products.

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“…In this regard, AMPs are noted as key players in immune regulation . Studies have documented AMPs as not only involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases, but also as implicated in the immune‐inflammatory responses that characterize the well‐established risk factors of periodontal diseases .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, AMPs are noted as key players in immune regulation. 8,9 Studies have documented AMPs as not only involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases, but also as implicated in the immune-inflammatory responses that characterize the well-established risk factors of periodontal diseases. [10][11][12][13][14][15] However, it remains unclear how and if AMPs form a common biological pathway or mechanistic link that underlies the relationship between periodontal diseases and its risk factors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review

Schmalz

Schmidt

et al. 2017

J of Periodontal Research

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a critical role in controlling innate and acquired immune responses. Local dysregulation of AMP is implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases as a response to periodontal pathogen challenge. Changes in AMP expression also characterize tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis, which are established risk factors of periodontal diseases, suggesting AMP may act as putative mechanistic links between these. The aim was to evaluate and summarize critically the current evidence pertaining to interrelationships between AMPs, periodontal diseases and selected periodontal disease risk factors. General and theme specific keywords were used to search the PUBMED database for studies relevant to AMP, periodontal diseases, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis and critically reviewed. A total of 131 abstracts and 119 full text articles were screened for relevance; 13 studies were selected for inclusion after critical review. Local AMP dysregulation characteristic to periodontal diseases appears to occur within a broader landscape of complex systemic immune perturbations independently induced by smoking, metabolic and rheumatoid disease. The nature of these interactions and mechanistic pathways involved are inadequately understood. AMPs could be possible mechanistic interlinks between periodontal diseases and its risk factors. However, such evidence is very limited and more in vivo and in vitro studies are necessary to clarify the nature of such relationships. A greater understanding of AMPs as shared mediators is essential for unraveling their value as therapeutic or biomarker candidates.

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Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides in Vertebrates

Abstract: AMPs are multifunctional peptides that participate in immune responses, wound healing, angiogenesis, toxin neutralization, iron metabolism, male reproduction, among other functions. However, AMPs may also contribute to excessive inflammation and tumorigenesis.

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Proteomic analysis of seminal extracellular vesicle proteins involved in asthenozoospermia by iTRAQ

Proteomic analysis of seminal extracellular vesicle proteins involved in asthenozoospermia by iTRAQ

Mutations in fetal genes involved in innate immunity and host defense against microbes increase risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)

Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review

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