Fundamental and practical developments of magnetofluidized beds: A review

Liu, Y.A.; Hamby, R.K.; Colberg, R.D.

doi:10.1016/0032-5910(91)80003-2

Cited by 116 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The main reasons are that the magnetic field force acting on the particles and the interaction force between the particles are increased and the ability of restraining bubble formation increases due to the creation of a catenulate structure along the magnetic force line of particles with increasing Er [1,33]. This leads to an increase of the magnetically stabilized zone.…”

Section: Effect Of D P and Er On The Magnetically Stabilized Fluidizamentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is highly temperature-resistant and pressure-resistant, and provides small pressure drop, larger flux section, and better interaction between gas and solid [1]. It is widely used in high-temperature soot treatment processes [2][3][4]. Burns et al [5] separated organic substances from solution using some organic magnetic particles, such as absorbable protein and hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number

Chen

Zhao

2011

Chem Eng & Technol

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The influence of magnetic field intensity and process parameters on the transient fluidization behaviors of magnetically stable fluidized beds (MSFBs) was studied. The local solid holdup distribution and magnetically stabilized regimes were carried out by experimental measurements in MSFBs. The scaling approach for MSFB hydrodynamics based on magnetic field and dynamic similitude with a limited number of dimensionless groups was tested. A dimensionless number for magnetic field has been developed. An experimental criterion for the magnetically stabilized fluidization is established based on random analysis of the void fluctuation signal. It includes two characteristic parameters of the main frequency of voidage fluctuation signals, i.e., the self-correlation function and variance. A dimensionless correlation to calculate the stable zone with three dimensionless groups of Er, Ar, and Re was proposed using dimensionless analysis.

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Section: Effect Of D P and Er On The Magnetically Stabilized Fluidizamentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number

Chen

Zhao

2011

Chem Eng & Technol

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“…In addition, the magnetic field also influences the reaction by improving the contacts of the gas-solid two phase flows. In comparison with the classical fluidized bed, the magnetically stabilized fluidized bed is a special bed structure [29][30][31], with characteristics of good gassolid contact and mass transfer [14,[31][32][33][34]. In the current experiments, c-Fe 2 O 3 particles are fluidized at a superficial flue gas velocity of 0.1 m s -1 .…”

Section: Effects Of a Magnetic Field On The Scr De-no Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Temperature De‐NO_x by Selective Catalytic Reduction Based on Iron‐Based Catalysts

2010

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Low-temperature De-NO x technology is a new topic in the area of flue gas treatment. This paper presents experimental studies on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x from synthetic flue gas over iron-based catalysts with ammonia in a fluidized reactor. The iron-based catalysts used in the experiments are particles of Fe 3 O 4 and c-Fe 2 O 3 , and they are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy, before and after reaction. It is observed that the efficiency of De-NO x with c-Fe 2 O 3 catalyst is high at temperatures from 200-290°C and the maximum efficiency is seen to exceed 90 % at 250°C. The effects of magnetic fields on SCR De-NO x using c-Fe 2 O 3 particles as catalysts are also studied by applying uniform and coaxial magnetic fields to the fluidized bed. The results suggest that SCR De-NO x on c-Fe 2 O 3 catalyst is fit for operation below 200°C in the fluidized reactor in conjunction with the effects of magnetic fields. IntroductionSelective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x is an effective flue gas cleaning technology, which can reduce NO x with high efficiency [1][2][3]. Currently, SCR De-NO x is normally undertaken at medium to high temperatures varying from 350-450°C. However, the temperature of the flue gas discharged from the boiler is reduced to 200°C, since the flue gas cools down when it passes through the boiler economizer and the air preheater. Therefore, it is difficult for the tail end configurations to apply SCR De-NO x technologies developed under middle to high temperature conditions in practical situations. Moreover, the De-NO x catalysts can be poisoned by SO 2 , and thus, one should remove SO 2 in the flue gas before the De-NO x process proceeds. Unfortunately, the temperature of the flue gas after desulfurization is normally below 200°C. In such instances, if the operation temperatures of De-NO x catalysts are in the medium to high temperature range, the flue gas must be reheated by heat exchange, and this results in even further energy consumption. Hence, it is important to develop a low temperature De-NO x technology and determine the catalysts that can be used in such low temperature De-NO x processes. However, most of the suitable catalysts currently available are expensive metal oxides, e.g., Mn-based [4-8], Cu-based [9][10][11][12], and Cebased [3,13] catalysts. In addition to the high costs involved in applying these metal-based catalysts to industry, the heavy metal-based catalysts will cause further pollution to the environment if their disposal is not undertaken properly.Therefore, in the current context, the SCR De-NO x from synthetic flue gas is investigated in a fluidized reactor based on magnetic iron-based catalysts, such as Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 . These iron-based catalysts are fairly cheap and less hazardous compared to the above-mentioned metal oxide catalysts. Furthermore, a magnetically fluidized bed is configured by applying uniform and axial magnetic fields to the fluidized bed, and the effects of magnetic fields on SCR De-NO x are rese...

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“…Much of the pioneering industrial work was done by Rosensweig at Exxon Corporation and was described in his excellent review article, 20 although the process never really became commercially viable. Other review articles describing the fundamental and practical development of magnetofluidized beds can be found in 21 and 22 . In fact, an entire issue of Powder Technology 21 was devoted to articles on magnetofluidized beds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced fluidization of nanoparticles in an oscillating magnetic field

et al. 2005

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Fundamental and practical developments of magnetofluidized beds: A review

Cited by 116 publications

References 53 publications

Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number

Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number

Low‐Temperature De‐NO_x by Selective Catalytic Reduction Based on Iron‐Based Catalysts

Enhanced fluidization of nanoparticles in an oscillating magnetic field

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Fundamental and practical developments of magnetofluidized beds: A review

Cited by 116 publications

References 53 publications

Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number

Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number

Low‐Temperature De‐NOx by Selective Catalytic Reduction Based on Iron‐Based Catalysts

Enhanced fluidization of nanoparticles in an oscillating magnetic field

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Product

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Low‐Temperature De‐NO_x by Selective Catalytic Reduction Based on Iron‐Based Catalysts