Fundamentals, operations and applications of electromembrane extraction: An overview of reviews

Shang, Qi; Mei, Hang; Huang, Chuixiu; Shen, Xiantao

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2022.107751

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…For this reason, method development normally starts with testing different liquid membranes. Throughout the literature, it has been found that the selectivity of the liquid membrane, to a large extent, is related to the charge ( z ) and polarity (log P ) of the analyte. , Therefore, z and log P were selected as the molecular descriptors and defined the extraction window of the liquid membranes. Both charge (derived from p K a value) and log P are principal molecular descriptors, and values are found for a large number of substances in the literature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generic Liquid Membranes for Electromembrane Extraction of Bases with Low or Moderate Hydrophilicity

et al. 2023

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For the first time, this paper introduces the idea of generic extraction conditions in electromembrane extraction (EME), where the selection of the liquid membrane is based on the charge (z) and hydrophobicity (log P) of the analyte. A broad range of organic solvents were tested as liquid membranes, and 90 basic pharmaceuticals were used as model analytes (−4.2 < log P < 8.1). 2-Nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) was confirmed as a highly efficient liquid membrane for mono-and dibases (+1.0 ≤ z ≤ +2.0) of low polarity in the log P range of 2.2−6.4. This log P range was set as the extraction window (operational range) of NPOE. NPOE provided very high operational stability. At 50 V, the current was at a 1 μA level, and gas formation and drifting pH due to electrolysis were insignificant. 2-Undecanone was discovered as a new and robust alternative. This solvent extracted monobasic analytes (z = +1) in the log P range of 1.0−5.8 and was efficient even for bases of moderate polarity. The current was at the 1−3 μA level when 2undecanone was operated at 50 V. Tri(pentyl) phosphate emerged as another new alternative for bases in the log P range of 0.5 to 5.5, providing greater selectivity differences. This solvent provided a higher current (30−50 μA), but the EME system stability was not compromised. 2-Undecanone and tri(pentyl) phosphate extracted protonated bases mainly by hydrogen bond interactions. NPOE, on the other hand, extracted based on a combination of hydrogen bond and π-type interactions and was consequently less selective.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generic Liquid Membranes for Electromembrane Extraction of Bases with Low or Moderate Hydrophilicity

et al. 2023

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“…While EME has gained substantial interest [1][2][3], it has been conducted on various laboratory-built systems under a multitude of experimental conditions [4][5][6][7][8]. The transition of EME from research to a broadly applicable microextraction technique necessitates standardized and commercial equipment and the development of generic methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

Song,

Zhou,

Hansen

et al. 2024

J of Separation Science

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Generic electromembrane extraction (EME) methods were developed and optimized for basic analytes of moderate or low polarity, employing prototype conductive vial EME equipment. Two generic methods, B1 and B2, were devised for mono‐ and dibasic compounds with distinct polarity windows: 2.0 < log P < 6.0 for B1 and 1.0 < log P < 4.5 for B2. In B1, 10 μL of 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether served as the liquid membrane, while B2 utilized 10 μL of 2‐undecanone. Both methods involved the acidification of 125 μL of human plasma samples with 125 μL of sample diluent (0.5 M HCOOH for B1 and 1.0 M HCOOH for B2). The acceptor phase consisted of 250 μL of 100 mM HCOOH. Extraction was conducted for 30 min with agitation at 800 rpm, employing an extraction potential of 100 V for B1 and 50 V for B2. A set of 90 pharmaceutical compounds was employed as model analytes. Both B1 and B2 demonstrated high recoveries (40%–100%) for the majority of model analytes within their respective polarity windows. Intra‐day precision was within 2.2% and 9.7% relative standard deviation. Both extraction systems exhibited stability in terms of current, matrix effect values were between 90% and 109%.

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“…27 This emerging method uses an electrical potential to drive the ionic compounds from the donor to a clean acceptor phase through a porous membrane impregnated with a supported organic solvent. 28 This method has great potential for sample clean-up and preconcentration. 29 Remarkable selectivity, high recovery, and good efficiency are the outstanding advantages of this robust method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The selective extraction of dietary polyamines from chicken breast using the application of a lab-on-a-chip electromembrane and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Barzegar,

Nabizadeh,

Kamankesh

et al. 2024

Anal. Methods

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Fundamentals, operations and applications of electromembrane extraction: An overview of reviews

Cited by 20 publications

References 87 publications

Generic Liquid Membranes for Electromembrane Extraction of Bases with Low or Moderate Hydrophilicity

Generic Liquid Membranes for Electromembrane Extraction of Bases with Low or Moderate Hydrophilicity

Optimization of generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of basic substances of moderate or low polarity

The selective extraction of dietary polyamines from chicken breast using the application of a lab-on-a-chip electromembrane and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

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