Fungal and bacterial nematicides in integrated nematode management strategies

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a serious threat to quantitative and qualitative production of many economic crops worldwide. An average worldwide crop loss of 12.6% (equaled $215.77 billion) annually has been estimated due to these nematodes for only the top 20 life-sustaining crops. Due to the growing dissatisfaction with hazards of chemical nematicides, interest in microbial control of PPNs is increasing and biological nematicides are becoming an important component of environmentally friendly management systems. Fungal and bacterial nematicides rank high among other biocontrol agents. In order to maximize their benefits, such bio-nematicides can be included in integrated nematode management (INM) programs, and ways that make them complimentary or superior to chemical nematode management methods were highlighted. This is especially important where bio-nematicides can act synergistically or additively with other agricultural inputs in integrated pest management programs. Consolidated use of bio-nematicides and other pesticides should be practiced on a wider basis. This is especially important, since there are many bio-nematicides which are or are likely to become widely available soon. Identification of research priorities for harnessing fungal and bacterial nematicides in sustainable agriculture as well as understanding of their ecology, biology, mode of action, and interaction with other agricultural inputs is still needed. Therefore, accessible fungal and bacterial nematicides with their comprehensive references and relevant information, i.e., the active ingredient, product name, type of formulation, producer, targeted nematode species and crop, and country of origin, are summarized herein.

Peer Review #1 of "Dynamics of soil properties and fungal community structure in continuous-cropped alfalfa fields in Northeast China (v0.1)"

“…This result was consistent with that in a previous study by Mackie et al (1999), who stated that dry conditions could restrict the expression of fungal disease, in view of the many species in the genus Paecilomyces that are pathogens (Israel et al, 2018;Piekarska, Trusz & Szczesniak, 2018). Meanwhile, some species of this genus were demonstrated as biocontrol agents, such as Paecilomyces lilacinus (Wei et al, 2015;Abd-Elgawad & Askary, 2018) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Ruiu, 2018).…”

Diversity and Management Strategies of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Moroccan Organic Farming and Their Relationship with Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

“…Due to increased adverse effects of chemical nematicides and growing concerns for human health and environment, interest in biological nematicides has attracted more attention by both researchers and the agro-industry and has become an important component of eco-friendly management strategies [113][114][115]. The results of our questionnaire showed that 23% of organic farmers applied bio-nematicides for managing PPNs, specifically, Meloidogyne spp.…”

Recent Advances in the Development of Environmentally Benign Treatments to Control Root-Knot Nematodes

“…Application of biological control agents and plant growth promotion is not a new concept ( Oostendorp et al., 1991 ) and has already been discussed in several comprehensive reviews ( Cross et al., 1999 ; Khan and Kim, 2007 ; Timper, 2014 ; Schouteden et al., 2015 ; Ntalli and Caboni, 2017 ; Abd-Elgawad and Askary, 2018 ; Xiang et al., 2018 ; Dutta et al., 2019 ). A number of different bacterial genera, namely Pasteuria , Pseudomonas , Burkholderia , Arthrobacter , Serratia , Achromobacter , and Rhizobium are known to have nematicidal potential.…”

“…General mechanisms of action involved in biocontrol fit into one of the categories as antibiotic production and/or other antagonism against PPN or induced resistance, which can vary even within a single genus. For example, in the genus Bacillus , the anti-RKN mechanism of action is based on enzymatic action for B. firmus , toxic antibiotics in B. cereus and B. subtilis , and toxic protein particles namely cry proteins in B. thuringiensis ( Abd-Elgawad and Askary, 2018 ). Application of B. cereus strain BCM2 to control M. incognita in tomato has shown that it colonized at the root exudates and worked as a second-stage juveniles (J2) repellent, resulting in reduction of the nematode damage ( Li et al., 2019 ).…”

“…Application of fungal microorganisms for managing RKN as well as other agricultural pests has been ongoing for decades. Some of the most prominent fungal species for RKN control belong to Actylellina , Arthrobotrys , Aspergillus , Catenaria , Dactylellina , Hirsutella , Pochonia , Purpureocillium , and Trichoderma ( Timper, 2014 ; Abd-Elgawad and Askary, 2018 ). Arthrobotrys and Dactylellina can trap RKN J2s in the soil using their hyphal structures and decrease the invasion ability of the nematode.…”