Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19

Santosh, Arvind Babu Rajendra; Muddana, Keerthi; Bakki, Shobha Rani

doi:10.1007/s42399-021-00873-9

Cited by 73 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, scarlet fever, and gonorrhea are some of the causes of nonodontogenic oral infections [ 7 ]. Most fungal infections are opportunistic in nature; oral candidiasis, caused by Candida , is the most commonly encountered oral fungal infection in clinical practice [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Optimization of Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulgel for Enhancement of Solubility and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Analgesic Effects against Oral Microbiota

et al. 2021

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Oral health is a key contributor to a person’s overall health and well-being. Oral microbiota can pose a serious threat to oral health. Thus, the present study aimed to develop a cinnamon oil (CO)-loaded nanoemulsion gel (NEG1) to enhance the solubilization of oil within the oral cavity, which will enhance its antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic actions against oral microbiota. For this purpose, the CO-loaded nanoemulsion (CO-NE) was optimized using I-optimal response surface design. A mixture of Pluracare L44 and PlurolOleique CC 497 was used as the surfactant and Capryol was used as the co-surfactant. The optimized CO-NE had a globule size of 92 ± 3 nm, stability index of 95% ± 2%, and a zone of inhibition of 23 ± 1.5 mm. This optimized CO-NE formulation was converted into NEG1 using 2.5% hydroxypropyl cellulose as the gelling agent. The rheological characterizations revealed that the NEG1 formulation exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The in vitro release of eugenol (the marker molecule for CO) from NEG1 showed an enhanced release compared with that of pure CO. The ex vivo mucosal permeation was found to be highest for NEG1 compared to the aqueous dispersion of CO-NE and pure cinnamon oil. The latency reaction time during the hot-plate test in rats was highest (45 min) for the NEG1 sample at all-time points compared with those of the other tested formulations. The results showed that the CO-NEG formulation could be beneficial in enhancing the actions of CO against oral microbiota, as well as relieving pain and improving overall oral health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Optimization of Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulgel for Enhancement of Solubility and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Analgesic Effects against Oral Microbiota

et al. 2021

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“…12,13,[18][19][20]23,28,30,42 Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, mucormycosis, and other opportunistic fungal infections occurs frequently during post-mortem examinations. 17,22,39,43,44 A recent case series of 18 patients with COVID-19 in India found that 16 developed mucormycosis, six of them with a fatal outcome (>37%). 28 Another series of 10 patients in India identified 10 patients with CAM, suggesting that this condition is more common than expected.…”

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confidence: 99%

COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: the urgent need to reconsider the indiscriminate use of immunosuppressive drugs

Rodríguez-Morales

Sah

Millán-Oñate³

et al. 2021

Therapeutic Advances in Infection

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“…Hence, healthcare settings may also find challenging to treat the mucormycosis and serves as burden to hospitals and society. Thus, mucormycosis is certainly an important co-morbid condition to be listed as associated oral fungal infections in COVID-19 infection [ 2 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Response to Commentary: Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19

Santosh

Muddana

Bakki

2021

SN Compr. Clin. Med.

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This letter is a response to commentary by Ambadasu et al. on a review article by Santosh et al. on “Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19.” In their commentary, Ambadasu et al. mentioned that in the list of COVID-19 associated fungal infections, mucormycosis should be added. In this response, we provide our thoughts on including mucormycosis in COVID-19 associated fungal infections of the oral cavity. We conclude that mucormycosis surge was more prevalent during the second wave of COVID-19 infection. Majority of published reports on oral fungal infections during the years 2019 and 2020 was focused on Oral Candidiasis, whereas mucormycosis appears to be re-emerging opportunistic entry of fungal infection among COVID-19 infection due to associated risk factors. Thus, Physicians and Dentists must be cautioned that other listed opportunistic fungal infections of oral cavity may also be seen among severe COVID-19 patients.be seen among severe COVID-19 patients.

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Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19

Cited by 73 publications

References 85 publications

Development and Optimization of Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulgel for Enhancement of Solubility and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Analgesic Effects against Oral Microbiota

Development and Optimization of Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulgel for Enhancement of Solubility and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Analgesic Effects against Oral Microbiota

COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: the urgent need to reconsider the indiscriminate use of immunosuppressive drugs

Response to Commentary: Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19

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