Fungal synthesis of size-defined nanoparticles

Abstract

[7] and silica oxide [8] NPs, which can be produced by mycofabrication-(NPs synthesis systems using fungi). Apart from fungi, there is a variety of microorganisms producing NPs, such as many bacteria, biofilms [9], actinomycetes [10] and extremophiles [11]. Apart from bacteria, fungi are a favorable option for NPs synthesis. Fungi are filamentous by nature and able to withstand the pressure of flow and mixing in the bioreactor trough. In addition, they can accumulate metals by biological and physicochemical means. Fungi are an excellent choice for large-scale production as biocatalysts because of their ability to secrete extracellular enzymes [7]. By contrast, the bacterial fermentation process involves numerous additional steps to obtain a clear filtrate of colloidal broth [12].In this review we discuss strategies for NP synthesis with emphasis on the bottom-up myco-approach and its application and flexibility for use in many industrial fields. Our focus is on aspects related to the size of NPs and methods of measuring this feature. It has been discovered that fungi can efficiently synthesize clusters of atoms of a determined size. We also reviewed NPs produced by Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), which remains the invincible leader in this field. NPs synthesis strategiesToday, NPs are produced by numerous chemical and physical methods, although more environmentally friendly methods are available. Bottom-up and top-down are two strategies for the synthesis of metal NPs as shown in figure 1. The bottom-up strategy relates to the formation of structures atom by atom, molecule by molecule or by self-organization [13]. Top-down strategy includes the reduction of material to dimensions of AbstractFungi with metabolic capacities can efficiently synthesize a wide range of nanoparticles (NPs). This biotransformation process and its product have extensive applications especially for industry, agriculture and medicine, where NPs size and shape is essential and can be defined by specific analytical methods. Fungi cultivation and further bioconversion can be fully controlled to obtain the desired nanoparticles. Additionally, this review provides information about the fungus F. oxysporum, which is able to synthesize the largest amount of different types of NPs.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Fungi: A Review

“…Compared to synthesis using plants, the mycelial mass of fungi is more resistant to agitation and pressure, so it is more suitable for large-scale syntheses (Velusamy et al, 2016). Furthermore, by adjusting culture conditions such as time, temperature, pH, and quantity of biomass, among others, it is possible to manipulate the metabolism of fungi so as to obtain nanoparticles with the desired characteristics, such as specific size and morphology (Zielonka and Klimek-Ochab, 2017).…”

Bactericidal Properties of Plants-Derived Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (NPs)

“…Multiple biological actions of the NPs such as antibacterial [ 2 , 3 ], antioxidant [ 2 , 4 ], anticancer [ 5 , 6 ], antifungal [ 5 , 7 ], antiviral [ 8 , 9 ], antiparasitic [ 10 , 11 ] and anti-inflammatory activities [ 12 , 13 ] have been associated with their highly diverse chemistry-rich characteristics [ 14 ]. There are myriad ways of synthesizing NPs, including physical (e.g., vapor deposition [ 15 ], sputter deposition [ 16 ], electric arc deposition [ 17 ], ion beam technique [ 18 ], molecular beam epitaxy [ 19 ], melt mixing [ 20 ]), chemical (e.g., co-precipitation [ 21 ], sol-gel [ 22 ], microemulsions [ 23 ], sonochemical synthesis [ 24 ] UV-initiated photoreduction [ 25 ]), and biological (e.g., synthesis using plant extracts [ 26 ], microorganisms [ 26 ], algae [ 27 ], fungi [ 28 ], animals [ 29 ] or agricultural waste [ 30 ], enzymes [ 31 ]) methods as well as hybrid methods [ 32 ] ( Figure 1 ). There are advantages and limitations for each synthetic method, and the choice of method is selected based on the downstream applications.…”

Dysbiotic microbiota in autistic children and their mothers: persistence of fungal and bacterial wall-deficient L-form variants in blood

“…Byproducts of mold metabolism have negative effects on structural or functional integrity of developing nervous system 41 . It is known that Aspergillus secretes enzymes and proteins in large amounts and can generate nanoparticles extracellularly 42 . As it was demonstrated by TEM in the current study, an abundance of nanoparticles was found in a child with ASD, but not in a control healthy person.…”