Fungicide Exposure Induces Sensitivity Differences in Aquatic Life Stages of European Common Frogs (Rana temporaria)

Adams, Elena; Brühl, Carsten A.

doi:10.1670/19-004

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…With the exception of B. viridis at 26°C, early larval stages were 1.6 to 4.5 times more sensitive than late stages in both tested species. This is in line with the results from Adams and Brühl [16], where early larvae of R. temporaria (Gosner stage 20) were two times more sensitive than late larvae (Gosner stage 36) to the fungicide Folpan® 80 WDG with the same active ingredient folpet. Also Wagner et al [10] found late larval stages of R. temporaria to be less sensitive in acute tests with two herbicides.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…For each combination of temperature, species and developmental stage (= 16 combinations in total), a 48 h static acute toxicity test was performed with six different pesticide concentrations, ranging between 0 (control) and 4.2 mg Folpan/L (see Supplementary Table 1). Fungicide concentrations were chosen based on range-finding tests and previous studies with folpet [16,43] to cover the concentration range at which ideally 0-100% mortality of the test organisms should be observed. Range finding tests were performed as 48 h tests with three Folpan concentrations and a control group with three replicates of one individual for each species/developmental stage and different temperatures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…formulation additives [9,10,15], the species in focus [12], a previous exposure to pesticides [10,11] and the developmental stage [10,12,16] of the tested individuals. Also water temperature during pesticide exposure of larvae has an impact on the toxicity.…”

Section: Leeb Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the study was to get a better understanding about the temperature-dependent pesticide sensitivity of two European amphibian species. We hypothesized 1) that the sensitivity of larvae to Folpan® 500 SC is highly affected by water temperature, 2) that early larvae are more sensitive than late larval stages (see Adams and Brühl, 2020), and 3) that pesticide sensitivity differs between species.…”

Section: Leeb Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8–12], and are consequently identified as one of the main drivers in the global amphibian decline [13,14]. The actual toxicity of pesticides for amphibians depends on a number of factors, including the active ingredients [8], formulation additives [9,10,15], the species in focus [12], a previous exposure to pesticides [10,11] and the developmental stage [10,12,16] of the tested individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Temperatures Lead to Higher Toxicity of the Fungicide Folpet to Larval Stages of Rana temporaria and Bufotes viridis

Leeb

Schuler

Brühl

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Pesticides are one of the main drivers of the worldwide amphibian decline. Their actual toxicity depends on a number of factors, like the species in focus or the developmental stage of exposed individuals. As ectothermic species, the metabolism of amphibians is influenced by ambient temperature. Therefore, temperature also affects metabolic rates and thus processes that might enhance or reduce toxic effects. Studies about the interactive effect of temperature and toxicity on amphibians are rare and deliver contrasting results. To investigate the temperature-dependent pesticide sensitivity of larvae of two European species we conducted acute toxicity tests for the viticultural fungicide Folpan® 500 SC with the active ingredient folpet at different temperatures (6°C, 11°C, 16°C, 21°C, 26°C). Sensitivity of Rana temporaria and Bufotes viridis was highly affected by temperature: early larvae (Gosner stage 20) were about twice more sensitive to Folpan® 500 SC at 6°C compared to 21°C. Next to temperature, species and developmental stage of larvae had an effect on sensitivity. The most sensitive individuals (early stages of R. temporaria at 6°C) were 14.5 times more sensitive than the least sensitive ones (early stages of B. viridis at 26°C). Our results raise concerns about typical ecotoxicological studies with amphibians that are often conducted at temperatures between 15°C and 20°C. We suggest that future test designs should be performed at temperatures that reflect the temperature range amphibians are exposed to in their natural habitats. Variations in the sensitivity due to temperature should also be considered as an uncertainty factor in upcoming environmental risk assessments for amphibians.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leeb Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leeb Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Temperatures Lead to Higher Toxicity of the Fungicide Folpet to Larval Stages of Rana temporaria and Bufotes viridis

Leeb

Schuler

Brühl

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Long‐term, landscape‐level assessment of aquatic pesticide exposure to identify amphibian ontological traits affecting vulnerability

Awkerman,

Purucker,

Raimondo

et al. 2024

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Amphibians worldwide are threatened by habitat loss, some of which is driven by a changing climate, as well as exposure to pesticides, among other causes. The timing and duration of the larval development phase vary between species, thereby influencing the relative impacts of stochastic hydroregime conditions as well as potential aquatic pesticide exposure. We describe the stages of breeding through metamorphosis for eight amphibian species, based on optimal hydroregime conditions, and use a model of pesticide fate and exposure representative of central Florida citrus groves to simulate hydrodynamics based on observed weather data over a 54‐year period. Using the Pesticide in Water Calculator and Plant Assessment Tool, we estimated daily wetland depth and pyraclostrobin exposure, with label‐recommended application quantities. Species' timing and duration of larval development determined the number of years of suitable hydroregime for breeding and the likelihood of exposure to peak aquatic concentrations of pyraclostrobin. Although the timing of pesticide application determined the number of surviving larvae, density‐dependent constraints of wetland hydroregime also affected larval survival across species and seasons. Further defining categorical amphibian life history types and habitat requirements supports the development of screening‐level assessments by incorporating environmental stochasticity at the appropriate temporal resolution. Subsequent refinement of these screening‐level risk assessment strategies to include spatially explicit landscape data along with terrestrial exposure estimates would offer additional insights into species vulnerability to pesticide exposure throughout the life cycle. Computational simulation of ecologically relevant exposure scenarios, such as these, offers a more realistic interpretation of differential agrichemical risk among species based on their phenology and habits and provides a more situation‐specific risk assessment perspective for threatened species. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1–10. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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Acute aquatic toxicity of two commonly used fungicides to midwestern amphibian larvae

Hopkins

Hoverman

2023

Ecotoxicology

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Fungicide usage has increased globally in response to the rise in fungal pathogens, especially in the agricultural sector. Consequently, fungicides are not only increasingly found in water quality surveys, but they are also often the most detected pesticide type. However, research examining the toxicity of fungicides is still limited for many aquatic species. In this study, we examined the acute toxicity of two widely used fungicides, chlorothalonil and pyraclostrobin, on six larval amphibian species across multiple families using 96-h LC50 tests. We found that pyraclostrobin was approximately 3.5x more toxic than chlorothalonil; estimated LC50 values ranged from 5-18 µg/L for pyraclostrobin and 15-50 µg/L for chlorothalonil. Comparing across amphibian groups, we found that salamanders were 3x more sensitive to pyraclostrobin than anuran species and equally as sensitive to chlorothalonil. Notably, our estimated LC50 values are close in magnitude to the expected environmental concentration for these fungicides suggesting environmental exposures could lead to direct mortality in these species. Given the widespread and increasing usage of fungicides, additional work should be conducted to assess the general risk posed by these chemicals to amphibian and their associated aquatic habitats.

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Fungicide Exposure Induces Sensitivity Differences in Aquatic Life Stages of European Common Frogs (Rana temporaria)

Cited by 8 publications

References 37 publications

Low Temperatures Lead to Higher Toxicity of the Fungicide Folpet to Larval Stages of Rana temporaria and Bufotes viridis

Low Temperatures Lead to Higher Toxicity of the Fungicide Folpet to Larval Stages of Rana temporaria and Bufotes viridis

Long‐term, landscape‐level assessment of aquatic pesticide exposure to identify amphibian ontological traits affecting vulnerability

Acute aquatic toxicity of two commonly used fungicides to midwestern amphibian larvae

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