Fungicide resistance and population variation in Verticillium fungicola, a pathogen of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. Isolated from Grapes in Korea to Carbendazim and the Mixture of Carbendazim Plus Diethofencarb

“…The first cases of resistance were reported in fungi with short life cycles, such as Botrytis cinerea, in grape vineyards (Leroux and Clerjeau, 1985). Due to the emergence of many types of resistant populations of phytopathogenic fungi in the field, the efficacy of these chemicals to control plant diseases has decreased (Bonnen and Hopkins, 1997;Maymon et al, 2006;Washington et al, 1992). In most reported cases of acquired resistance to BENs, point mutations in the β-tubulin gene were responsible (Koenraadt et al, 1992).…”

Fungicide resistance among Cladobotryum spp. — causal agents of cobweb disease of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus

“…dendroides Type II appears to represent Cladobotryum isolates which have recently developed benzimidazole resistance, since a previous survey found only one farm with a thiabendazole-resistant strain (Fletcher & Jaffe, 1993). This may have occurred as a result of regular use of benzimidazole fungicides to control other mushroom pathogens and this phenomenon is widely recognized following benzimidazole use (Hassall, 1990 ;Bonnen & Hopkins, 1997). Under more stringent experimental conditions, however, C. dendroides Type II responses to prochloraz manganese were very similar to each other, unlike the responses of C. dendroides Type I and C. mycophilum isolates, and this finding suggests that the C. dendroides Type II isolates may be clonal in nature.…”

“…This scenario could describe the pattern of resistance recorded for C. dendroides Type II isolates. Bonnen & Hopkins (1997) also reported that 12 % of V. fungicola isolates tested were not cross resistant to both thiabendazole and benomyl indicating that at least two different mutation sites may have been involved. McKay et al (1998) have recently shown that benzimidazole resistance in C. dendroides isolates from Ireland is caused by a single base transition mutation at codon 50, causing an amino acid substitution from TAC (tyrosine) to TGC (cysteine).…”

“…Thiabendazole, carbendazim and benomyl (structurally and functionally very similar to carbendazim) are benzimidazole fungicides whose mode of action is interference with the division of cell nuclei by disrupting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules (Hassalls, 1990). Cross resistance to these chemicals often occurs and has been demonstrated for the mushroom pathogen V. fungicola which is highly resistant to thiabendazole and benomyl (Bonnen & Hopkins, 1997). The molecular structure of thiabendazole is, however, sufficiently different from that of benomyl and carbendazim to imply that their abilities to bind to tubulin may differ (Hassalls, 1990).…”

In vitrotoxicity of selected fungicides from the groups of benzimidazoles and demethylation inhibitors toCladobotryum dendroidesandAgaricus bisporus

“…Cross resistance to MBC fungicides had been detected in the mushroom pathogen Verticillium fungicola, which was found highly resistant to thiabendazole and benomyl. [29] The molecular structures of thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl are different from benomyl and carbendazim, and their abilities for binding to tubulin may also be different. [30] Isolate growth was good at cyproconazole + carbendazim concentration of 1.50 mg L −1 and severely inhibited at concentrations of 2.00 mg L −1 or higher.…”