Fungicide sensitivity ofTrichodermaspp. fromAgaricus bisporusfarms in Serbia

Abstract

Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould disease, induce great losses in Agaricus bisporus farms. Fungicides are widely used to control mushroom diseases although green mould control is encumbered with difficulties. The aims of this study were, therefore, to research in vitro toxicity of several commercial fungicides to Trichoderma isolates originating from Serbian and Bosnia-Herzegovina farms, and to evaluate the effects of pH and light on their growth. The majority of isolates demonstrated optimal growth at pH 5.0, and the rest at pH 6.0. A few isolates also grew well at pH 7. The weakest mycelial growth was noted at pH 8.0-9.0. Generally, light had an inhibitory effect on the growth of tested isolates. The isolates showed the highest susceptibility to chlorothalonil and carbendazim (ED50 less than 1 mg L(-1)), and were less sensitive to iprodione (ED50 ranged 0.84-6.72 mg L(-1)), weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (ED50 = 3.75-24.13 mg L(-1)), and resistant to trifloxystrobin (ED50 = 10.25-178.23 mg L(-1)). Considering the toxicity of fungicides to A. bisporus, carbendazim showed the best selective toxicity (0.02), iprodione and chlorothalonil moderate (0.16), and thiophanate-methyl the lowest (1.24), while trifloxystrobin toxicity to A. bisporus was not tested because of its inefficiency against Trichoderma isolates.

Major Fungal Contaminants of Mushrooms and Their Management

“…In-vitro experiments by (Kosanović et al, 2015) and (Gea et al, 2003) found carbendazim, chlorothalonil, and, Iprodine to be very effective against several Trichoderma species along with Cladobotryum dendroides. Chlorothalonil and Carbendazim were also found effective against Lecanicillium fungicola.…”

“…Some studies have also suggested a strong fungicidal property of Prochloraz manganese and Trifloxystrobin against Trichoderma spp. ( Kosanović et al, 2015).…”

“…against Benomyl and thiophanate methyl intensively used earlier (Kosanović et al, 2013;Grogan, 2008). Thus, the chemical pesticides should be used in moderation if not possible to be completely discouraged (Kosanović et al, 2015).…”

Antifungal activity of cinnamon and clove essential oils against button mushroom pathogens Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz and Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk

“…The most effective fungicide in mushroom disease control is prohloraz. Prochloraz is still effective against fungal pathogens in Serbia (Potočnik et al, 2008(Potočnik et al, , 2009(Potočnik et al, , 2010a(Potočnik et al, , 2010bKosanović et al, 2013Kosanović et al, , 2015, though decreased sensitivity of pathogenetic fungi of the genera Lecanicillium and Cladobotryum has been already reported in Spain and Great Britain (Grogan & Gaze, 2000;Gea et al, 2003). Considering such resistance evolution, harmful impact on the environment and human health, special attention should be focused on biofungicides, microbiological products and various natural substances of biological origin as alternatives to synthetic fungicides, and consistent with good programs of hygiene (Potočnik et al, 2015).…”

Penicillium hermansii, a new species causing smoky mould in white button mushroom production

“…Competitive moulds from spawn-run compost can have devastating effects on production levels. An important and wellknown example is Trichoderma aggressivum and much research is performed on this species (Kosanovic et al 2015;O'Brien et al 2014;O'Brien et al 2017;Radvanyi et al 2016). Another less commonly and poorly documented competing contaminant is known as 'smoky mould', which is capable of wiping out a complete crop (Fletcher and Gaze 2008;Grogan and Harvey 1999;Grogan et al 2000).…”