Further Evaluation of Butoxypolypropylene Glycol as a Fly Repellent for Dairy Cattle1

Granett, Philip; Haynes, Harry L.; Helm, Robert W.

doi:10.1093/jee/44.1.97

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…It is interesting to note that the butoxy-polypropylene glycol, which is advertised as a repellent ingredient for livestock sprays, exhibits consistent olfactory attractiveness to both Musca and Aedes aegypti. The advantages conferred by the incorporation of this material in livestock sprays (Bruce & Decker, 1955;Granett, Haynes & Helm, 1951) may be attributable to differences in the behaviour of other species, to effects in combination with other ingredients, to stimulation of the L or rejection fibre of the gustatory receptors (Hodgson & Boeder, 1956), or perhaps to effects on the general chemical sense, as has been suggested as a contributory factor for the action of mosquito repellents (Kalmus & Hocking, 1960).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Considerations regarding the repellency of spray components

Hocking

1961

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The apparatus previously used to demonstrate the repellent properties of DDT, fuel oil and methylated naphthalene auxiliary solvents towards certain Diptera was used in further studies of olfactory repellency in an attempt to narrow down the ingredients responsible for this effect, and consideration was given to the possibility of finding substitutes for them with less repellent or even attractive properties.Light, medium and heavy fractions were obtained by fractional distillation of fuel oil and each of two methylated naphthalene auxiliary solvents. In all these spray components the repellent properties are inversely related to the boiling point, and appear to be non-specific both chemically and by insects. Tests with materials of low volatility, however, showed that the effect is not a simple broad relationship between volatility and repellency.Butoxy-polypropylene glycol, widely used as a ‘repellent’ ingredient of livestock sprays, shows olfactory attractiveness to Musca domestica L. and Aëdes aegypti (L.). The odour of Drosophila melanogaster Mg. was shown to be attractive to the insect, regardless of sex.It is concluded that there seems little hope of an economic non-repellent material.It is suggested that the repellency of spray components might be counteracted by the addition of specific attractants, sex or other, to spray formulae. Alternatively, a useful space repellent spray, containing no toxicant, might be formulated from the lighter fractions of the solvent materials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Considerations regarding the repellency of spray components

Hocking

1961

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…The earliest studies on repelling stable flies from cattle suggested the use of crank case oil and oil of tar as being the most promising results in terms of cost effectiveness and practicality [120]. Repellents specific to stable flies were reported in several studies in the 1940s and 1950s [121][122][123][124]. Most repellent formulations, however, have only demonstrated at best 1 to 2 d reprieve for animals [32,125], and with many less than 12 h of measurable reduction in stable flies [126].…”

Section: Repellents On Livestockmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Review of Management Options Used against the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Cook

2020

Insects

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The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), remains a significant economic pest globally in situations where intensive animal production or horticultural production provide a suitable developmental medium. Stable flies have been recorded as pests of livestock and humans since the late 1800s to early 1900s. Over 100 years of research has seen numerous methodologies used to control this fly, in particular to protect cattle from flies to minimise production losses. Reduced milk production in dairy cows and decreased weight gain in beef cattle account for losses in the US alone of > $2000 million annually. Rural lifestyles and recreation are also seriously affected. Progress has been made on many control strategies against stable fly over a range of chemical, biological, physical and cultural options. This paper reviews management options from both a historical and a technical perspective for controlling this pest. These include the use of different classes of insecticides applied to affected animals as toxicants or repellents (livestock and humans), as well as to substrates where stable fly larvae develop. Arthropod predators of stable flies are listed, from which potential biological control agents (e.g., wasps, mites, and beetles) are identified. Biopesticides (e.g., fungi, bacteria and plant-derived products) are also discussed along with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against stable flies for several animal industries. A review of cultural and physical management options including trapping, trap types and methodologies, farm hygiene, scheduled sanitation, physical barriers to fly emergence, livestock protection and amendments added to animal manures and bedding are covered. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all management options used against stable flies from both a historical and a technical perspective for use by any entomologist, livestock producer or horticulturalist with an interest in reducing the negative impact of this pest fly.

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“…PPG BE400 and PPG BE800 are used as y repellents for livestock (Granett et al 1949(Granett et al , 1951Carpenter et al 1951Carpenter et al , 1959. The repellents are applied at a concentration of »5% to dairy cattle in the form of water emulsions or solutions in petroleum base oils (i.e., kerosene).…”

Section: Noncosmeticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The repellents are applied at a concentration of »5% to dairy cattle in the form of water emulsions or solutions in petroleum base oils (i.e., kerosene). The repellents are seldom applied more often than every other day (Carpenter et al 1951), and were effective against stable, horse, and horn ies (Granett et al 1951).…”

Section: Noncosmeticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amended Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PPG-40 Butyl Ether with an Addendum to Include PPG-2, -4, -5, -9, -12, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -20, -22, -24, -26, -30, -33, -52, and-53 Butyl Ethers

2001

UITO

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The Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) Butyl Ethers function as skin-and hair-conditioning agents in cosmetics. Intestinal absorption of the PPG Butyl Ethers was inversely proportional to the molecular weight. In general, the toxicity of the PPG Butyl Ethers decreased as the molecular weight increased. In acute studies, moderate intraperitoneal(IP) doses of various PPG Butyl Ethers caused convulsive seizures in mice and anesthetized dogs, and large oral doses caused decreased activity, anuria, renal tubular swelling and necrosis, and hepatic swelling and necrosis. PPG-2 Butyl Ether vapors were nontoxic by the inhalation route. PPG-2 Butyl Ether was non-toxic in short-term feeding and dermal exposure studies in rats. In animal irritation studies, PPG-2 Butyl Ether caused minor, transient erythema and desquamation; in addition, erythema, edema, ecchymosis, necrosis, and other changes were observed during an acute percutaneous study. PPG-2 Butyl Ether also caused minor to moderate conjunctival irritation and minor corneal injury. PPG-2 Butyl Ether when dermally applied was nontoxic to pregnant rats and was nonteratogenic at doses up to 1.0 ml/kg/day. PPG BE800 at concentrations of 0.001% to 0.26% in feed was noncarcinogenic to rats after 2 years of treatment. In clinical studies, PPG BE800 was nonirritating and nonsensitizing to the skin when tested using 200 subjects. PPG-40 Butyl Ether was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer in a repeat-insult patch test using 112 subjects. Although clinical testing did not indicate significant skin irritation is produced by these ingredients, the animal test data did indicate the potential that these ingredients can be irritating. Therefore, it was concluded that the PPG Butyl Ethers can be used safely in cosmetic products if they are formulated to avoid irritation. Data on the component ingredients, Propylene Glycol, PPG, and n-Butyl Alcohol, from previous cosmetic ingredient safety assessments were also considered and found to support the safety of PPG Butyl Ethers.

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Further Evaluation of Butoxypolypropylene Glycol as a Fly Repellent for Dairy Cattle1

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Further Considerations regarding the repellency of spray components

Further Considerations regarding the repellency of spray components

A Historical Review of Management Options Used against the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Amended Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PPG-40 Butyl Ether with an Addendum to Include PPG-2, -4, -5, -9, -12, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -20, -22, -24, -26, -30, -33, -52, and-53 Butyl Ethers

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