Further results on the performance of present-day osmotic membranes in various osmotic regions

Desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance

“…Previous studies on osmosis through asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes have reported that membrane water permeability is often found to be significantly lower than the corresponding hydraulic water permeability determined by RO [28][29][30][31][32]. Pusch [32] presented data showing a precipitous drop in water permeability as the membrane became exposed to more salt.…”

Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments

“…Mehta [36] designed and successfully tested a unique spiralwound element for FO. Both outside-in and inside-out operation can be used.…”

“…Recent developments in materials science have also allowed the use of FO in controlled drug release in the body [24][25][26][27]. Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), a closely related process, has been tested and evaluated since the 1960s as a potential process for power generation [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. PRO uses the osmotic pressure difference between seawater, or concentrated brine, and fresh water to pressurize the saline stream, thereby converting the osmotic pressure of seawater into a hydrostatic pressure that can be used to produce electricity.…”

“…The feed solution flows through the central tube into the inner side of the membrane envelope and the draw solution flows in the space between the rolled envelopes. Figure adapted from[36].…”

Fouling in Forward Osmosis Membranes: Mechanisms, Control, and Challenges

“…If it can be assumed that the difference between the bulk osmotic pressure of the feed and the draw solution is the driving force responsible for water permeation through membranes in FO, then Lee et al [37] proposed the following model for low water flux cases:…”