Fusaric acid alters Akt and ampk signalling in c57bl/6 mice brain tissue

Novel Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor-Geranylated Flavonoid from Mulberry Leaves Ameliorates Insulin Resistance

“…Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is an important regulatory factor in signal transduction pathways and plays an important role in tyrosine phosphorylation. ,, Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) is a membrane of the PTP family that has been considered as a key factor in diabetes and obesity. ,, The IRS is a downstream signal that can be phosphorylated, leading to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) and the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol diphosphate (PIP2) to PIP, PIP2, and PIP3, respectively. Subsequently, the downstream signaling molecules of the PI-3K pathway, protein kinase (PDK) and protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), were activated. , Akt/PKB has multiple intracellular targets, including glycogen synthesis kinase 3 (GSK-3). The activation of Akt/PKB promotes glucose transportation into cells via transporter 4 (GLUT-4). , …”

“…The IRS1–PI3K–AKT–GSK3β pathway is essential for the antidiabetic effects of some medications on insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. − Recently, many studies reported that the activation of the IRS1–PI3K–AKT–GSK3β pathway in the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue promotes glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. − Thus, in this study, the effects of compound 1 on this pathway were investigated.…”

Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system

“… 185 Subsequent in vivo investigations have demonstrated other neurochemical effects of fusaric acid in the brain. 182 , 186 In addition to inhibiting the biosynthesis of norepinephrine, fusaric acid was also found to alter the levels of melatonin, serotonin, tyrosine, tryptophan and luteinizing hormone. 186 However, inconsistent results (data not shown) were obtained from these different studies which inferred that the neurochemical effects of this mycotoxin vary with species (i.e.…”

“…rodents, rabbits and swine). 186 Although fusaric acid has been shown to cause behavioural changes in test subjects, it is primarily used as a research tool as its mode of action in the brain is still not fully understood. 182 , 186 …”

Mammalian AKT, the Emerging Roles on Mitochondrial Function in Diseases

“…AMPK also can inhibit the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) catalyzed by AKT [ 57 ]. Fumaric acid can activate the AMPK/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit the expression of downstream glucose receptors by consuming neuronal ATP and, in turn, the expression of glucose receptors increase when the AMPK/AKT signaling pathway is inactivated [ 58 ]. The above interactions indicate that the AMPK/AKT signaling pathway is invertible and flexible in response to the different physiological needs of cells.…”