Fused deposition modelling: a review

Abstract

Purpose Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most economical additive manufacturing technique. The purpose of this paper is to describe a detailed review of this technique. Total 211 research papers published during the past 26 years, that is, from the year 1994 to 2019 are critically reviewed. Based on the literature review, research gaps are identified and the scope for future work is discussed. Design/methodology/approach Literature review in the domain of FDM is categorized into five sections – (i) process parameter optimization, (ii) environmental factors affecting the quality of printed parts, (iii) post-production finishing techniques to improve quality of parts, (iv) numerical simulation of process and (iv) recent advances in FDM. Summary of major research work in FDM is presented in tabular form. Findings Based on literature review, research gaps are identified and scope of future work in FDM along with roadmap is discussed. Research limitations/implications In the present paper, literature related to chemical, electric and magnetic properties of FDM parts made up of various filament feedstock materials is not reviewed. Originality/value This is a comprehensive literature review in the domain of FDM focused on identifying the direction for future work to enhance the acceptability of FDM printed parts in industries.

Altering the Elastic Properties of 3D Printed Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) Parts by Compressive Cyclic Loading

“…Material extrusion is one of the types of AM technology that have been investigated by different researchers and authors [ 21 ]. In this paper, we concentrated on the FFF process.…”

Graphene–polyamide‐6 composite for additive manufacture of multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding components

“…In ME‐printed parts for electromagnetic applications, it has been demonstrated that EMI shields designed for the C‐ and X‐band frequency ranges (5.85–8.20 GHz and 8.20–12.40 GHz, respectively) have been successfully fabricated with graphene–PLA, 10 graphene–ABS, 8 and carbon nanotube–ABS filaments 17,18 . However, the literature on property enhancements in reinforced ME materials beyond mechanical properties is scarce 19 . Furthermore, although several work has indicated interfacial compatibility between graphene and PA6, 20–22 PA6 as matrix material in graphene–polymer composite filament for ME has also not been investigated.…”

Time-Dependent Mechanical Properties in Polyetherimide 3D-Printed Parts Are Dictated by Isotropic Performance Being Accurately Predicted by the Generalized Time Hardening Model

“…Mechanical properties are affected by the process parameters and the interactions between them. Therefore, it was a challenging task to define the proper process parameters for the research [6].…”

“…Since FDM consists of the extrusion of polymeric materials, understanding the mechanical properties of these materials and their interaction with FDM process parameters has become a topic of increasing interest among the scientific community due to industry needs [6]. Research on this topic was conducted in previously published works for different sort of plastics, with Polycarbonate (PC) or Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) being the most studied because of their wide application in industrial products and the feasibility for them to be acquired in research groups due to their reduced cost [6].…”

“…Considerable attention has been given in the literature to the directional orientation in the building process of FDM parts and their properties because it directly impacts the polymer chains' orientation, which is crucial for understanding the mechanical behavior of potential end-products [6]. Several building parameters are used to define the FDM manufacturing process, namely the part build orientation, which defines the orientation of the part with respect to the planar domain of the nozzle (see Figure 1); the raster angle, which characterizes the orientation of inner filaments within the part with respect to the principal manufacturing axis; or the number of contours, which represents the number of adjacent filaments that follow the outer shape of the printed specimen.…”