Future Directions in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Disease Monitoring of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers

Cheng, Yong; Kou, Wei; Zhu, Dandan; Yu, Xinbo; Zhu, Yu

doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.811293

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…However, steroidogenesis analysis in ACC patients must be well addressed as most of the traditional serum steroid analyses assess end products of steroidogenesis, such as cortisol and aldosterone, that might not be altered in ACC patients. On the other hand, the steroidogenic pattern of ACC cells is characterized by steroid precursors and metabolites rather than end products of the complete steroidogenesis [52].…”

Section: Adrenocortical Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular tools for diagnosing diseases of the adrenal cortex

Faucz

Maria²,

Stratakis

2023

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes &Amp; Obesity

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Purpose of reviewThe adrenal glands produce some of the most essential for life hormones, including cortisol and other steroids, and catecholamines. The former is produced from the adrenal cortex, whereas the latter is from the medulla. The two parts are anatomically and functionally distinct and it would be impossible in the context of one short article to cover all molecular updates on both the cortex and the medulla. Thus, in this review, we focus on the molecular tools available for diagnosing adrenocortical diseases, such as adrenal insufficiency, Cushing and Conn syndromes, and their potential for advancing medical care and clinical outcome. Recent findingsThe advent of next generation sequencing opened doors for finding genetic diseases and signaling pathways involved in adrenocortical diseases. In addition, the combination of molecular data and clinicopathologic assessment might be the best approach for an early and precise diagnosis contributing to therapeutic decisions and improvement of patient outcomes.

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Section: Adrenocortical Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular tools for diagnosing diseases of the adrenal cortex

Faucz

Maria²,

Stratakis

2023

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes &Amp; Obesity

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“…Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor with an annual incidence of one to two per million that can occur at any age and is more common in women ( Cheng et al, 2021 ; Faron et al, 2022 ; Pitsava et al, 2022 ). It is an incidental adrenal tumor and one of the most common reasons for adrenalectomy, accounting for 14% of all spontaneous adrenal tumors ( Alyateem and Nilubol, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis and the regulatory mechanism of AURKA, a gene associated with prognosis of ferroptosis of adrenal cortical carcinoma in the tumor micro-environment

Yuan

Zhao

et al. 2023

Front. Genet.

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Background: The only curative option for patients with locally or locally advanced adrenocortical carcinoma is primary tumor curative sexual resection (ACC). However, overall survival remains low, with most deaths occurring within the first 2 years following surgery. The 5-year survival rate after surgery is less than 30%. As a result, more accurate prognosis-related predictive biomarkers must be investigated urgently to detect patients’ disease status after surgery.Methods: Data from FerrDb were obtained to identify ferroptosis-related genes, and ACC gene expression profiles were collected from the GEO database to find differentially expressed ACC ferroptosis-related genes using differential expression analysis. The DEFGs were subjected to Gene Ontology gene enrichment analysis and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis. PPI network building and predictive analysis were used to filter core genes. The expression of critical genes in ACC pathological stage and pan-cancer was then investigated. In recent years, immune-related factors, DNA repair genes, and methyltransferase genes have been employed in diagnosing and prognosis of different malignancies. Cancer cells are mutated due to DNA repair genes, and highly expressed DNA repair genes promote cancer. Dysregulation of methyltransferase genes and Immune-related factors, which are shown to be significantly expressed in numerous malignancies, also plays a crucial role in cancer. As a result, we investigated the relationship of AURKA with immunological checkpoints, DNA repair genes, and methyltransferases in pan-cancer.Result: The DEGs found in the GEO database were crossed with ferroptosis-related genes, yielding 42 differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes. Six of these 42 genes, particularly AURKA, are linked to the prognosis of ACC. AURKA expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with multiple cancers, and there was a significant positive correlation with Th2 cells. Furthermore, AURKA expression was positively associated with tumor immune infiltration in Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), Sarcoma (SARC), Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), and Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), but negatively correlated with the immune score, matrix score, and calculated score in these tumors. Further investigation into the relationship between AURKA expression and immune examination gene expression revealed that AURKA could control the tumor-resistant pattern in most tumors by regulating the expression level of specific immune examination genes.Conclusion: AURKA may be an independent prognostic marker for predicting ACC patient prognosis. AURKA may play an essential role in the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunity, according to a pan-cancer analysis, and it has the potential to be a predictive biomarker for multiple cancers.

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“…Finally, Ki-67 may serve as the most important single factor in recurrence prediction and should be part of any ACC diagnosis to assess its proliferative potential [ 9 , 10 ]. Shortly, other non-invasive biomarkers for ACC should be also considered: microRNAs (miR-483-5p, miR-195, and miR-210); circulating tumor cells, and circulating cell-free tumor DNA which is a liquid biopsy-based approach [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enhanced Expression of ZWILCH Predicts Poor Survival of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Patients

et al. 2023

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Zwilch kinetochore protein (ZWILCH) plays a key role in proper cell proliferation. The upregulation of the ZWILCH gene was observed in many types of cancers, but the association of ZWILCH with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) was not investigated so far. The main aim of the presented study was to verify if the enhanced level of the ZWILCH gene can be used as a diagnostic marker for ACC development and progression, as well as a predictor of survival time for ACC patients. The performed analyses included investigation of the ZWILCH expression profile in tumors with publicly available TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) datasets and transcriptomic data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, as well as, in human biological samples of normal adrenal, adrenocortical carcinoma and in commercially available tissue microarrays. The findings demonstrate statistically significant higher ZWILCH gene expression in ACC tissue in comparison with normal adrenal glands. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between ZWILCH upregulation and tumor mitotic rate and the probability of patient survival. The enhanced ZWILCH level is also connected with the activation of genes involved in cell proliferation and the inhibition of genes related to the immune system. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of ZWILCH as an ACC biomarker and diagnostic tool.

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Future Directions in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Disease Monitoring of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers

Cited by 8 publications

References 90 publications

Molecular tools for diagnosing diseases of the adrenal cortex

Molecular tools for diagnosing diseases of the adrenal cortex

Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis and the regulatory mechanism of AURKA, a gene associated with prognosis of ferroptosis of adrenal cortical carcinoma in the tumor micro-environment

The Enhanced Expression of ZWILCH Predicts Poor Survival of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Patients

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