Future Trends and Current State of Smart City Concepts: A Survey

Abstract

Intelligent systems are wanting for cities to cope with limited spaces and resources across the world. As a result, smart cities emerged mainly as a result of highly innovative ICT industries and markets, and additionally, they have started to use novel solutions taking advantage of the Internet of Things (IoT), big data and cloud computing technologies to establish a profound connection between each component and layer of a city. Several key technologies congregate to build a working smart city considering human requirements. Even though the smart city concept is an advanced solution for today's cities, recently, more living spaces should be discovered, and the concept of a smart city could be moved to these alternative living spaces, namely floating cities. The concept of a floating city emerged as a novel solution due to rising sea levels and land scarcity in order to provide alternative living spaces for humanity. In this article, our main research question is to raise awareness on the current state of smart city concepts across the world by understanding the key future trends, including floating cities, by motivating researchers and scientists through new IoT technologies and applications. Therefore, we present a survey of smart city initiatives and analyze their key concepts and different data management techniques. We performed a detailed literature survey and review by applying a complex literature matrix including terms, like smart people, smart economy, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart living. We also discuss multiple perspectives of smart floating cities in detail. With the proposed approach, recent advances and practical future opportunities for smart cities can be revealed.

bIoTope: Building an IoT Open Innovation Ecosystem for Smart Cities

“…For example, how should the car proceed to discover the available services in the city? Conversely, how could the car spin up (i.e., publish) its own digital avatar 1 ? How does the car communicate with online platforms/systems that implement different types of communication protocols?…”

“…C5 Focus [16] Data fusion in smart cities [1] Smart city definitions [15] Cyber-security and policy [17] Data monitoring and analytic [18] IoT and Cloud of Things [19] Fog computing and applications [20] Data management techniques (Device-to-Cloud) and BDS (Backend Data Sharing). Within this context, two main communication patterns govern these models 2 : (a) Publish/Subscribe (Pub/Sub): asynchronous, point-tomultipoint and loosely coupled messaging model allowing messages to be broadcast to systems having subscribed to a given "topic".…”

“…Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are revolutionizing cities. More connected and optimally managed, smart cities seek to enhance the economic, social, cultural and urban development, while fostering competitive environments for the development of new businesses [1]. More efficient and transparent, they respond to the new expectations of citizens, who increasingly prefer to take a more active role in managing their cities.…”

AgriTrust—A Trust Management Approach for Smart Agriculture in Cloud-based Internet of Agriculture Things

“…Internet Things (IoT) [1] provides a diverse opportunity to automate distinct domains, which include wireless sensor networks [2,3], home appliances [4,5], smart cities [6][7][8], healthcare [9][10][11][12][13], security and surveillance [14][15][16], energy consumption [17][18][19], agriculture automation [20], and many more [21][22][23][24][25]. The concept of a smart irrigation system [26] is proposed in the Cloud-based Internet of Agriculture Things (IoAT) [27] in which sensors gather the findings of soil and transmit it towards the base station (BS) to take the required actions [28].…”

“…represent the current trust evaluation of credibility, robustness, and reliability of trust parameters, respectively. After the development of trust parameter, the next process is to find the aggregate trust by utilizing the previous trust value that may provide an aggregated trust, as shown in Equation (6).…”