2022
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104057
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Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs): Uniqueness, aquatic toxicity concerns, and prospective remediation

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Cited by 17 publications
(12 citation statements)
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“…19,33 The concentration of anthropogenic gadolinium and GBCAs in water remains unregulated, posing potential risks to both human health and the environment. 34 Remediation techniques for GBCAs in water are limited, with reverse osmosis membrane technology being the most efficient but costly option. 19,35 One possible solution to address this issue is to reduce the administered dose of GBCAs to patients, thus a lower quantity of GBCA released in the environment after urinary excretion by the patient.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…19,33 The concentration of anthropogenic gadolinium and GBCAs in water remains unregulated, posing potential risks to both human health and the environment. 34 Remediation techniques for GBCAs in water are limited, with reverse osmosis membrane technology being the most efficient but costly option. 19,35 One possible solution to address this issue is to reduce the administered dose of GBCAs to patients, thus a lower quantity of GBCA released in the environment after urinary excretion by the patient.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Anthropogenic gadolinium, originating from GBCAs, has been detected in various water sources globally 19,33 . The concentration of anthropogenic gadolinium and GBCAs in water remains unregulated, posing potential risks to both human health and the environment 34 . Remediation techniques for GBCAs in water are limited, with reverse osmosis membrane technology being the most efficient but costly option 19,35 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…68 However, the increased detection of anthropogenic Gd in global waterbodies such as groundwater, lakes, and city tap water has raised concerns regarding safety and environmental impact. [69][70][71] Within 24 hours of a contrastenhanced MRI, 98% of the GBCA dose injected is cleared from a patient's plasma via glomerular filtration and is passed into wastewater soon after via urine. 72 After excretion, GBCAs enter surface waters mostly by the effluents of sewage treatment plants.…”
Section: Gd Waste and Contaminationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The concentration of anthropogenic Gd in a given waterbody is associated with the number of MRI machines per population and frequency of MRI studies performed in that region. 69 In Tokyo, Japan, the concentration of anthropogenic Gd levels has increased 5.0-6.6 times over the past two decades and increasing levels are associated with the number of MRI scanners. 70 Even waterbodies remote from MRI scanners are prone to micro-contamination of anthropogenic Gd via the excretion of waste products from patients after returning home from their imaging studies.…”
Section: Gd Waste and Contaminationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it has been found that the potential release of free Gd 3+ may cause fibrosis in biological kidney cells. [7][8][9] Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel MRI contrast agents with high efficiency and security.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%