Gadolinium hexanedione nanoparticles for stem cell labeling and tracking via magnetic resonance imaging

Gadolinium3+-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a potential magnetic resonance tracer for monitoring the migration of stem cells in vivo

“…Tseng et al pointed out that when the concentration of Gd is too high, the effect of T 2 relaxation will overcome the effect of T 1 and this will suppress the T 1 signal. 8 The nanoparticles could remain in the cells for several days; for example, the cells prelabeled with nanoparticles for 7 days could still be detected by MRI. 21 Stem cells are functionally defined by their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types.…”

“…1,2 Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a leading strategy for replacing lost cells and provides neuroprotection in neurologic diseases; there are many reports on functional neurological recovery using NSC-based therapies. [3][4][5][6] Noninvasive imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [7][8][9][10][11]12 are a convenient option for analyzing the behavior of stem cells, including the biodistribution and migration of cells, which is highly promising for visual stem cell therapies. [13][14][15] Various Gd-doped mesoporous silica biomaterials used as MRI probes have been investigated for their application in stem cell tracking.…”

Nanoparticles and clinically applicable cell tracking

“…Particulate Gd contrast agents were shown to be far more effective than regular Gd chelates in terms of the amount of Gd initially incorporated and the retention of Gd in the cell over time. 31,62,63 Various particulate formulations of Gd-based cell tracking agents have been developed over the past few years including liposomal 31,64 and micellar 63,65 nanoparticles, polymer-coated Gd-oxide particles 32,66,67 and carbon nanostructures 68 in order to increase cellular loading with Gd or to increase the signalling capacity by increasing the T1 relaxivity.…”

“…They showed that at an identical Gd concentration, Gd incorporated inside the cell gave rise to signal loss while Gd released from non-viable cells resulted in signal gain which quickly dissipated. 31,71 Despite the fact that various studies showed limited or no adverse effects of the Gd-based labelling agents on the functionality of labelled cells at relevant labelling concentrations, 31,62,63,66,68,72 major concerns regarding the toxicity of the long-term presence of ionic Gd exist, 70,73,74 which may limit introduction of such agents into the clinic. Gadolinium contrast agents have been associated with the occurrence of nefrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with impaired kidney functions, and Modo et al 74 reported on a negative effect on disease pathology of implanted neural stem cells labelled with the Gd-based contrast agent GRID (Gadolinium-Rhodamine Dextran) in a rat stroke model.…”

Clinical Stem Cell Imaging and In vivo Tracking

“…MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy are common imaging modalities for in vivo stem cell tracking in both preclinical and clinical settings (Hoehn, Kustermann et al 2002;Modo, Cash et al 2002;van den Bos, Wagner et al 2003;Kustermann, Roell et al 2005;Crowder, Brant et al 2006;Jansen, Shamblott et al 2006;Au, Lam et al 2007;Hsiao, Tai et al 2007;Magnitsky, Walton et al 2007;Partlow, Chen et al 2007;Politi, Bacigaluppi et al 2007;Suzuki, Cunningham et al 2007;Dash, Chan et al 2008;Himmelreich and Hoehn 2008;Kim and Song 2008;Terrovitis, Stuber et al 2008;Wu, Hu et al 2008;Kedzioreik, Ouwerkerk et al 2009;Kim, Huh et al 2009;Lythgoe 2009;Reekmans, Tambuyzer et al 2009;Solanky, Chung et al 2010;Tseng, Shih et al 2010;Chien, Hsiao et al 2011). Extraordinary three dimensional and anatomic resolution and high safety profile are the main advantages.…”