2018
DOI: 10.3390/jof4010012
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Gaining Insights from Candida Biofilm Heterogeneity: One Size Does Not Fit All

Abstract: Despite their clinical significance and substantial human health burden, fungal infections remain relatively under-appreciated. The widespread overuse of antibiotics and the increasing requirement for indwelling medical devices provides an opportunistic potential for the overgrowth and colonization of pathogenic Candida species on both biological and inert substrates. Indeed, it is now widely recognized that biofilms are a highly important part of their virulence repertoire. Candida albicans is regarded as the… Show more

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Cited by 44 publications
(41 citation statements)
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References 150 publications
(172 reference statements)
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“…Recent work from our group has highlighted the clinical relevance of biofilm heterogeneity between isolates of C. albicans from the oral cavity and other clinical sites [20]. The overriding message from this review is that with respect to particular groups of microorganisms, they cannot all be considered as a single entity and "one size does not fit all" when it comes to treatment regimens.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Recent work from our group has highlighted the clinical relevance of biofilm heterogeneity between isolates of C. albicans from the oral cavity and other clinical sites [20]. The overriding message from this review is that with respect to particular groups of microorganisms, they cannot all be considered as a single entity and "one size does not fit all" when it comes to treatment regimens.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Thus, the fact that even some strains of C. auris can be resistant to all three major classes of clinically-used antifungals agents is a cause of great concern to the healthcare community [29,30]. Finally, C. auris has been shown to have the ability to form highly resistant biofilms, which allows for better defense against antifungals as well as immune cells [31][32][33].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cell heterogeneity resulting from the various microenvironments present throughout conventional biofilms is also likely to contribute to biofilm resilience [3]. These microenvironment differences lead to specific gene expression changes within cells in discreet environmental niches of the biofilm, resulting in widespread cellular heterogeneity throughout the biofilm architecture [92]. For example, the innermost regions of conventional biofilms are hypoxic and contain less nutrients and more waste products compared to the outermost regions of the biofilm [93].…”
Section: Properties Of Conventional and Sexual Biofilms Comparedmentioning
confidence: 99%