Gallium

Foley, Nora K.; Jaskula, Brian W.; Kimball, Briant A.; Schulte, Ruth F.

doi:10.3133/pp1802h

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Ga appears in trace amounts (< 50 ppm) as a salt in bauxite and zinc ores [25] and it is therefore extracted from bauxite as part of the bauxite-alumina-aluminum refining flow. Although some Ga is also derived from the processing of sphalerite ore for zinc, it is also recycled from the slag generated during the manufacture of gallium arsenide (GaAs)-and gallium nitride (GaN)-based devices [26]. Compounds of Ga such as GaAs, GaN, and copper-indium-gallium selenide (CIGS) possess semiconducting properties, and therefore, they are used for the production of microelectronic components [26].…”

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some Ga is also derived from the processing of sphalerite ore for zinc, it is also recycled from the slag generated during the manufacture of gallium arsenide (GaAs)-and gallium nitride (GaN)-based devices [26]. Compounds of Ga such as GaAs, GaN, and copper-indium-gallium selenide (CIGS) possess semiconducting properties, and therefore, they are used for the production of microelectronic components [26]. World demand for GaAs-and GaN-based products increased during the past few decades, and it is expected to remain still high [27].…”

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery of Gallium from Bauxite Residue Using Combined Oxalic Acid Leaching with Adsorption onto Zeolite HY

Ujaczki

Courtney

Cusack

et al. 2019

J. Sustain. Metall.

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Bauxite residue, the byproduct of alumina production, may potentially be a valuable source of strategically important metals, e.g. Gallium. Ga is considered critical element for the EU. To ensure adequate supply of Ga for the future, secondary sources such as bauxite residue should be exploited with efficient extraction methods. Therefore, in this study, mineral acids (H 2 SO 4 , HCl, and HNO 3) and an organic acid (H 2 C 2 O 4-oxalic acid), were evaluated for their efficiencies to extract Ga from bauxite residue. Using H 2 C 2 O 4 , the highest Ga leaching efficiencies were achieved, compared to other acids. The achieved leaching experimental results were considered for the construction of a design of experiment (DOE) model to achieve optimal conditions for Ga extraction using H 2 C 2 O 4. These values were validated by experiments which resulted in ~ 94% accuracy. In the second part of the study, using pure Ga solution, the adsorption of Ga onto zeolite HY was studied. The effects of adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time on the adsorption of Ga from solution by zeolite HY were studied. The obtained adsorption experimental results were used to construct a DOE model to achieve optimal conditions for Ga adsorption on to zeolite HY. The DOE-achieved optimal conditions were evaluated by experiments in pure Ga solution, which resulted in an efficiency of ~ 99.4 %. In the third stage, the bauxite residue was leached in H 2 C 2 O 4 under the optimal DOE conditions which resulted in 71% efficiency; thus the resulting bauxite residue solution was subjected to adsorption using zeolite HY under the optimal DOE conditions achieved. The Ga adsorption onto the zeolite was only 16% compared to the Ga adsorption of 99.4 % under the pure Ga solution, thus, representing the influences of the other leachates in the solution, which are minimizing the Ga adsorption onto the zeolite HY and providing an opportunity for future studies on the different mechanisms involved.

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Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Gallium from Bauxite Residue Using Combined Oxalic Acid Leaching with Adsorption onto Zeolite HY

Ujaczki

Courtney

Cusack

et al. 2019

J. Sustain. Metall.

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“…It is classified as a strategic metal due to its relative scarcity and increasing use. Additionally, it has no minerals of its own so it must be recovered as a byproduct from other metallurgical processes, mostly associated with ores of zinc and aluminum [1]. These previous facts, together with the increasing demand of this metal, have led to a strong interest in the recovery of gallium from wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

H-Clinoptilolite as an Efficient and Low-Cost Adsorbent for Batch and Continuous Gallium Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Sáez

Rodrı́guez

Gómez

et al. 2021

J. Sustain. Metall.

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In this paper, the gallium (III) ions’ adsorption onto protonated clinoptilolite (H-CLP) was investigated both in batch and fixed-bed column experiments. Regarding batch experiments, the influence of some parameters such as adsorbent dosage, size particle, and temperature was studied, determining that a dosage of 10 g/L for an initial pollutant concentration of 40 mg/L leads to a removal percentage over 85% regardless of particle size and temperature. On the other hand, adsorption of gallium onto H-CPL is an endothermic and spontaneous process in the studied temperature range, concluding that the maximum adsorption capacity was 16 mg/g for 60 °C. Concerning to the effect of the presence of other cations in solution, such as Na+, K+, or Ca2+, gallium adsorption capacity only drops by 20%, although the initial concentration of other cations in the solution is 50 times higher than gallium concentration. This means that clinoptilolite has a high affinity for gallium which can be very favorable for further selectivity tests. A crucial factor for this high selectivity could be the protonation of clinoptilolite which allows working without modifying the pH of the aqueous solution with acid. In the fixed-bed experiments, breakthrough curves were obtained, and the effect of operation variables was determined. A breakpoint value of 254 min for 64 g of adsorbent and flow rate of 9.0 mL/min (7.0 BV/h) were obtained, when treating a pollutant volume of 33 BV. Additionally, the breakthrough curves were fitted to different models to study the particle size effect, being the best fit corresponding to the Adams–Bohart model. This fact confirmed the influence of particle size on adsorption kinetics. Graphical Abstract

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“…Indium is produced as a byproduct of Zn smelting mainly in China, Japan, and Korea, while the global In resources are mostly distributed in China (Lokanc et al, 2015;USGS, 2019). Gallium is mainly recovered as a byproduct of a processing of bauxite Al ore and lesser amounts are produced from a Zn smelting (Foley et al, 2017), and China accounts for most of the global Ga production (USGS, 2019). The average abundance of In and Ga in the upper crust are reported as 0.05 ppm (Taylor and McLennan, 1995) and 17.5 ppm (Rudnick and Gao, 2003), respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

Indium and gallium enrichments in zinc orebodies in the Taebaeksan region, Korea

et al. 2022

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concentrated in relatively higher temperature, whereas Ga tends to be enriched in lower temperature. The enrichment processes of In and Ga in sphalerite might be strongly related to their complexations in the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. High salinity in the fluid is favorable to form an In-chloride complex for mobilization and enrichment of In into sphalerite. Conversely, Ga-hydroxide complex might not be stable at relatively high temperature which could limit an economic enrichment of Ga in sphalerite in the region.

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Gallium

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

Recovery of Gallium from Bauxite Residue Using Combined Oxalic Acid Leaching with Adsorption onto Zeolite HY

Recovery of Gallium from Bauxite Residue Using Combined Oxalic Acid Leaching with Adsorption onto Zeolite HY

H-Clinoptilolite as an Efficient and Low-Cost Adsorbent for Batch and Continuous Gallium Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Indium and gallium enrichments in zinc orebodies in the Taebaeksan region, Korea

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