Gallstones in pregnancy and their complications: Postpartum acute pancreatitis and acute peritonitis

Number of parity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

“…Moreover, female hormones can affect the smooth muscle movement of the gallbladder, and may also alter the muscle tone of the gallbladder which may induce gallbladder stasis [52]. In addition, estrogens during pregnancy will increase the secretion and saturation of bile with increased amounts of cholesterol and decreased amounts of chenodeoxycholic acid [53,54]. These changes can increase the risk of bile stasis and gallstone formation.…”

Parturient with Acute Abdomen

“… 6 Biliary stasis and increased cholesterol-rich bile secretion predispose to an increased risk of stone formation. 7 …”

Pancreatitis In Pregnancy: What has Remained The Same and What has Changed?

“…They are also at the risk of developing local complications, including acute fluid collection, pseudocyst, pancreatic necrosis, generalized peritonitis, multiorgan failure, bleeding from pancreatitis induced aneurysmal visceral vessels and death [36,37]. In addition, they are prone for pregnancy related complications including preterm contractions, preterm delivery and fetal loss [61][62][63]. Fortunately majority of the patients (85 to 90%) develop mild pancreatitis without any of these complications.…”