Galvanic stimulation of the vestibular periphery in guinea pigs during passive whole body rotation and self-generated head movement

Shanidze, Natela; Lim, Kim-Chew; Dye, J. A.; King, W. M.

doi:10.1152/jn.00314.2011

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Despite the different positions of the internally placed stimulus electrodes, relatively similar current intensities (Ϯ100 A) were required to evoke responses in vestibular afferents (Kim and Curthoys, 2004;Kim et al, 2011; this study) and central vestibular pathways or to effectively trigger VOR behavior (Shanidze et al, 2012). Minor variations are likely related to size/resistance of the stimulus electrodes and/or leak currents.…”

Section: Cellular Substrate Of Gvs-evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Ever since the study by Goldberg et al (1984), the relatively unchallenged notion was that GVS activates vestibular nerve afferents directly at the action potential trigger site, bypassing hair cell synapses (see Fitzpatrick and Day, 2004). Based on axon diameters, cathodal and anodal galvanic currents predominantly recruit and silence irregular afferent fibers, respectively, with a limited influence on regularly firing afferents at higher stimulus intensities (Ezure et al, 1983;Goldberg et al, 1984;Kim and Curthoys, 2004;Kim et al, 2011;Shanidze et al, 2012). However, until now, no direct experimental demonstration was available showing that GVS-evoked responses in vestibulo-motor circuitries are activated without hair cell contribution.…”

Section: Cellular Substrate Of Gvs-evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This also largely excludes concurrent electrical activation of other semicircular canals or the more distant otolith organs. Accordingly, stimulus electrode placement on a specific semicircular canal in X. laevis is more precise compared with most studies on mammalian species/humans in which electrodes were inserted into the perilymphatic space of the inner ear (Ezure et al, 1983;Kim et al, 2011;Shanidze et al, 2012), the middle ear cavity (Kim and Curthoys, 2004;Kim, 2013aKim, , 2013b, or onto the skin (Fitzpatrick and Day, 2004) and activated all vestibular end organs, as evidenced by, for example, current-evoked eye (Schneider et al, 2002) or head (Kim, 2013a) movements.…”

Section: Cellular Substrate Of Gvs-evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stimulus electrodes in different vertebrate species were either inserted unilaterally or bilaterally into the perilymphatic space of the semicircular canals (Ezure et al, 1983;Goldberg et al, 1984;Angelaki and Perachio, 1993), placed in the middle ear cavity (Kim and Curthoys, 2004;Shanidze et al, 2012;Kim, 2013aKim, , 2013b, or noninvasively attached to the neck for transmastoidal stimulation in human subjects (Fitzpatrick and Day, 2004). The latter two methods preserve inner ear function and thus permit experimental perturbations of motion-induced responses (Shanidze et al, 2012). Independent of the stimulus method, GVS at low intensity activates irregular vestibular afferents, whereas higher stimulus intensities also recruit regular afferents (Goldberg et al, 1984;Kim and Curthoys, 2004;Kim et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Independent of the stimulus method, GVS at low intensity activates irregular vestibular afferents, whereas higher stimulus intensities also recruit regular afferents (Goldberg et al, 1984;Kim and Curthoys, 2004;Kim et al, 2011). This stimulus-amplitudedependent activation allows determining various details of vestibular signal processing, such as fiber-specific origins of monosynaptic and disynaptic inputs to central vestibular neurons (Highstein et al, 1987;Minor and Goldberg, 1991;Angelaki and Perachio, 1993;Straka and Dieringer, 2000) or the organization of vestibulo-motor and vestibulo-autonomous reflexes (Courjon et al, 1987;Cohen et al, 2011;Shanidze et al, 2012;Kim, 2013a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation: Cellular Substrates and Response Patterns of Neurons in the Vestibulo-Ocular Network

Gensberger¹,

Kaufmann²,

Dietrich

et al. 2016

Journal of Neuroscience

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Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) uses modulated currents to evoke neuronal activity in vestibular endorgans in the absence of head motion. GVS is typically used for a characterization of vestibular pathologies; for studies on the vestibular influence of gaze, posture, and locomotion; and for deciphering the sensory-motor transformation underlying these behaviors. At variance with the widespread use of this method, basic aspects such as the activated cellular substrate at the sensory periphery or the comparability to motion-induced neuronal activity patterns are still disputed. Using semi-intact preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, we determined the cellular substrate and the spatiotemporal specificity of GVS-evoked responses and compared sinusoidal GVS-induced activity patterns with motion-induced responses in all neuronal elements along the vestibulo-ocular pathway. As main result, we found that, despite the pharmacological block of glutamatergic hair cell transmission by combined bath-application of NMDA (7-chloro-kynurenic acid) and AMPA (CNQX) receptor blockers, GVS-induced afferent spike activity persisted. However, the amplitude modulation was reduced by ϳ30%, suggesting that both hair cells and vestibular afferent fibers are normally recruited by GVS. Systematic alterations of electrode placement with respect to bilateral semicircular canal pairs or alterations of the bipolar stimulus phase timing yielded unique activity patterns in extraocular motor nerves, compatible with a spatially and temporally specific activation of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in distinct planes. Despite the different GVS electrode placement in semi-intact X. laevis preparations and humans and the more global activation of vestibular endorgans by the latter approach, this method is suitable to imitate head/body motion in both circumstances.

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Section: Cellular Substrate Of Gvs-evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Cellular Substrate Of Gvs-evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellular Substrate Of Gvs-evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation: Cellular Substrates and Response Patterns of Neurons in the Vestibulo-Ocular Network

Gensberger¹,

Kaufmann²,

Dietrich

et al. 2016

Journal of Neuroscience

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Projection neurons of the vestibulo‐sympathetic reflex pathway

Holstein

Friedrich

Martinelli

2014

J of Comparative Neurology

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Changes in head position and posture are detected by the vestibular system and are normally followed by rapid modifications in blood pressure. These compensatory adjustments, which allow humans to stand up without fainting, are mediated by integration of vestibular system pathways with blood pressure control centers in the ventrolateral medulla. Orthostatic hypotension can reflect altered activity of this neural circuitry. Vestibular sensory input to the vestibulo-sympathetic pathway terminates on cells in the vestibular nuclear complex, which in turn project to brainstem sites involved in the regulation of cardiovascular activity, including the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medullary regions (RVLM and CVLM, respectively). In the present study, sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation was used to activate this pathway, and activated neurons were identified through detection of c-Fos protein. The retrograde tracer FluoroGold was injected into the RVLM or CVLM of these animals, and immunofluorescence studies of vestibular neurons were conducted to visualize c-Fos protein and FluoroGold concomitantly. We observed activated projection neurons of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex pathway in the caudal half of the spinal, medial and parvocellular medial vestibular nuclei. Approximately two-thirds of the cells were ipsilateral to FluoroGold injection sites in both RVLM and CVLM and the remainders were contralateral. As a group, cells projecting to RVLM were located slightly rostral to those with terminals in CVLM. Individual activated projection neurons were multipolar, globular or fusiform in shape. This study provides the first direct demonstration of the central vestibular neurons that mediate the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex.

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Non-associative learning processes in vestibular nucleus

Kim

Lee

2018

Med Biol Eng Comput

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Simple non-associative learning processes, habituation and sensitization, are known to be systemically involved in different neurotransmissions, and these processes in the vestibular nucleus (VN) often show opposite responding patterns to repeated stimuli. However, their roles and mechanisms of the reciprocal responses at the cellular level are still elusive. Here, we conducted an electrophysiological experiment to investigate the neuronal responses to repeated stimuli in the VN, characterizing the neuronal responding patterns of habituation and sensitization. Based on our results, we also suggested an alternative hypothesis that these non-associative neuronal responses generated biased neural information based on simple linear addition. Sixty-seven neuronal responses to repeated stimuli were recorded from 23 guinea pigs, and the habituated and the sensitized responses were 37 (range of slopes - 3.66~- 0.02 spks/s/trial) and 30 (0.01~1.51 spks/s/trial), respectively. Unlike previous study, the general neuronal responding shapes were not exponential, but most (94%, 63/67) responding profiles were linear. Although no strong relation between the irregular and the high sensitivity in our population, the neuronal irregularity and sensitivity could be the core factors to cause the biased results to more habituated side. In conclusion, we found that a biased neural response (mean ± STD - 0.22 ± 0.89 spks/s/trial) was constructed by two non-associative neuronal responses based on a linear addition of the slopes. Graphical abstract Hypothesized and calculated neural mediation by non-associative learning processes.

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Galvanic stimulation of the vestibular periphery in guinea pigs during passive whole body rotation and self-generated head movement

Abstract: Shanidze N, Lim K, Dye J, King WM. Galvanic stimulation of the vestibular periphery in guinea pigs during passive whole body rotation and self-generated head movement.

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation: Cellular Substrates and Response Patterns of Neurons in the Vestibulo-Ocular Network

Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation: Cellular Substrates and Response Patterns of Neurons in the Vestibulo-Ocular Network

Projection neurons of the vestibulo‐sympathetic reflex pathway

Non-associative learning processes in vestibular nucleus

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