GAMETE RELEASE IS INCREASED BY CALM CONDITIONS IN THE COENOCYTIC GREEN ALGA <i>BRYOPSIS</i> (CHLOROPHYTA)

Speransky, S; Brawley, Susan H.; Halteman, William A.

doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99199.x

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…If DIC or HCO3do act as indicators for low water motion (Pearson et al 1998), our assumption is supported by observations on the green alga Bryopsis plumosa. In this species, gamete release is enhanced under calm conditions (Speransky et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a rockpool‐scenario

Olischläger

Bartsch

Gutow

et al. 2013

Phycological Research

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Rising atmospheric CO2-concentrations will have severe consequences for a variety of biological processes. We investigated the responses of the green alga Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) to rising CO2-concentrations in a rockpool scenario. U. lactuca was cultured under aeration with air containing either preindustrial pCO2 (280 matm) or the pCO2 predicted by the end of the 21st century (700 matm) for 31 days. We addressed the following question: Will elevated CO2-concentrations affect photosynthesis (net photosynthesis, maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR(max)), maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), pigment composition) and growth of U. lactuca in rockpools with limited water exchange? Two phases of the experiment were distinguished: In the initial phase (day 1-4) the Seawater Carbonate System (SWCS) of the culture medium could be adjusted to the selected atmospheric pCO2 condition by continuous aeration with target pCO2 values. In the second phase (day 4-31) the SWCS was largely determined by the metabolism of the growing U. lactuca biomass. In the initial phase, Fv/Fm and rETR(max) were only slightly elevated at high CO2-concentrations, whereas growth was significantly enhanced. After 31 days the Chl a content of the thalli was significantly lower under future conditions and the photosynthesis of thalli grown under preindustrial conditions was not dependent on external carbonic anhydrase. Biomass increased significantly at high CO2-concentrations. At low CO2-concentrations most adult thalli disintegrated between day 14 and 21, whereas at high CO2-concentrations most thalli remained integer until day 31. Thallus disintegration at low CO2-concentrations was mirrored by a drastic decline in seawater dissolved inorganic carbon and HCO3 -. Accordingly, the SWCS differed significantly between the treatments. Our results indicated a slight enhancement of photosynthetic performance and significantly elevated growth of U. lactuca at future CO2-concentrations. The accelerated thallus disintegration at high CO2-concentrations under conditions of limited water exchange indicates additional CO2 effects on the life cycle of U. lactuca when living in rockpools.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a rockpool‐scenario

Olischläger

Bartsch

Gutow

et al. 2013

Phycological Research

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“…However, some data suggest that reproduction by free-spawning algae in this environment can be very successful, particularly if spawning occurs at low tide when water turbulence is low. This results in high fertilization rates and, in some cases, polyspermy (Brawley 1992, Serrao et al 1996, Speransky et al 2000. In contrast, our knowledge of the spawning behaviours of rocky intertidal invertebrates and the success of those behaviours is non-existent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…By spawning at low tide, the exposure of gametes to the turbulent waters typical of the rocky intertidal was minimal. As in some species of intertidal algae, this minimised the dilution and advection of gametes, presumably enhancing fertilization success (Serrao et al 1996, Speransky et al 2000.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ measures of spawning synchrony and fertilization success in an intertidal, free-spawning invertebrate

Marshall¹

2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The rocky intertidal zone has the potential to be one of the harshest environments for free-spawning organisms, but empirical data on fertilization success are scarce. Here, I report on an intertidal, solitary ascidian, Pyura stolonifera, which was observed to spawn at low tide. At a scale likely to be most important to gametes (metres, duration of tide), approximately 30% of individuals in the population were spawning synchronously. Spawned gametes remained in a viscous matrix and this appeared to minimise their dilution. Fertilization success varied greatly among individuals (0 to 92%) and was related to the distance to the nearest neighbouring spawner. Occasional wave wash facilitated the movement of sperm between spawners. Fertilization success in some individuals was limited by the scarcity of sperm whilst the experimental addition of sperm did not increase success in others.

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“…The agglutinins of newly formed zygotes lose their adhesive properties by an unknown mechanism, suggesting a polygamy block. However, Bryopsis plumosa (Chlorophyta) demonstrated polygamy levels in the laboratory of up to 25%, and was therefore considered to lack a barrier to multiple gamete fusion (Speransky et al 2000). In Spirogyra and other members of the Zygnematales, an algal group closely related to land plants, the need for a polygamy block appears to be bypassed by the method of sexual reproduction, which involves conjugation of opposing cells in a pair of parallel filaments (Bell and Hemsley 2000).…”

Section: Evidence For Polyspermy Blocks In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Polyspermy barriers in plants: from preventing to promoting fertilization

Spielman

Scott

2008

Sex Plant Reprod

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Barriers to polyspermy (fertilization of a female gamete by more than one sperm) are essential to successful reproduction in a wide range of organisms including mammals, echinoderms, fish, molluscs, and algae. In animals and fucoid algae, polyspermy results in early death of the zygote due to transmission of extra centrioles from the sperm and consequent disruptions to the mitotic spindle. Accordingly, a variety of mechanisms have evolved to prevent penetration of an egg by more than one sperm, or more than one sperm nucleus from fusing with an egg nucleus. The evolution of internal fertilization has also provided an opportunity to limit the number of sperm that gain access to each egg, as occurs in the mammalian female reproductive tract. Polyspermy and polyspermy barriers in plants have received much less attention. Plants lack centrioles and therefore, polyspermy would not be expected to cause lethal aberrant spindle organization. However, we find evidence from cytological, genetic and in vitro fertilization studies for polyspermy barriers in plants. Angiosperms, like mammals, are internally fertilized, and exert a high level of control over the number of sperm that have access to each female gamete. In particular, regulation of pollen tube growth ensures that in general only two sperm enter each embryo sac, where one fertilizes the egg and the other the central cell. Despite this 1:1 ratio of sperm to gametes within the embryo sac, angiosperms still require a mechanism to ensure that each female gamete is fertilized by one and only one sperm. Here, we present evidence suggesting that a polyspermy block on the egg may be part of the mechanism that promotes faithful double fertilization.

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GAMETE RELEASE IS INCREASED BY CALM CONDITIONS IN THE COENOCYTIC GREEN ALGA BRYOPSIS (CHLOROPHYTA)

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a rockpool‐scenario

Effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a rockpool‐scenario

In situ measures of spawning synchrony and fertilization success in an intertidal, free-spawning invertebrate

Polyspermy barriers in plants: from preventing to promoting fertilization

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