“…On the other hand, there is a significant lack of clear connection between gamification and learning outcomes. These findings are also supported in Kaya and Sagnak's (2022) and Zhang and Hasim's (2023) recent systematic reviews, where most studies reported a positive effect of gamification on learners' language skills, attitudes, and motivation, and found that gamification provides an authentic learning environment. This also applies to systematic reviews of studies on the effectiveness of gamification in mobile and computer assisted language learning (Ishaq et al, 2021;Lin & Lin, 2019;Su et al, 2021), blended learning (Ramalingam et al, 2022), and flipped learning (Ekici, 2021), where positive effects of gamification were found on learners' motivation, academic performance, and engagement.…”