Ganglion cells immunoreactive for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat adrenal gland

Oomori, Yukio; Okuno, Sachiko; Fujisawa, Hitoshi; Iuchi, Hiromichi; Ishikawa, Katsushi; Satoh, Yuichi; Ono, Kazuyuki

doi:10.1007/bf00319418

Cited by 51 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Furthermore, we showed that a few large intra-adrenal ganglion cells were reactive for DBH, but not PNMT. This result infers that these intrinsic ganglion cells produce and release NA as a neurotransmitter as well as sympathetic neurons, which is consistent with the data of the rat adrenal gland [15].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Acetylcholinesterase Activity, and Neurofilament Protein, and Catecholamine Synthesizing Enzymes Immunoreactivities in the Mouse Adrenal Gland during Postnatal Development.

Iwasa

Oomori

Tanaka

1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The present study showed the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and neurofilament protein (NFP), catecholaminesynthesizing enzymes, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) immunoreactivities in the mouse adrenal gland during postnatal development. From birth to postnatal-1-day, AChE activity was weakly and diffusely found in some medullary cells and in very few nerve fibers whereas strong NFP immunoreactivity was seen in a few ganglion cells and in remarkably numerous nerve fibers in the medulla. Almost all meduallary cells were reactive for both DBH and PNMT during this period. From postnatal-2-or -3-day to postnatal-1-week, strong AChE activity was observed in a few large ganglion cells, but the reaction was weak in clusters of chromaffin cells, and the number of strong AChE-active nerve fibers in the medulla was rapidly increased. From postnatal-2-day onwards, the number of NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the medulla were remarkably numerous. Numerous chromaffin cells were reactive for both DBH and PNMT whereas some chromaffin cells were reactive for only DBH from postnatal-2-day onwards. These results suggest that drastic changes such as an increase of acetylcholine in the nerve fibers, differentiation of noradrenaline and adrenaline cells of the medulla may occur during this period. From postnatal-2-week to postnatal-3-week, weak AChE activity was seen in the culsters of several chromaffin cells and a few ganglion cells, and the number of AChE-active nerve fibers in the medulla was gradually increased. From postnatal-4-week to postnatal-8-week (adult), the distribution and frequency of AChE activity in the adrenal gland were similar to those at postnatal-3-week. In the adult, AChE activity was weakly seen in the clusters of several chromaffin cells showing noradrenaline fluorescence in the adrenal medulla. The noradrenaline cells were contacted by denser AChE-reactive nerve fibers than adrenaline cells. These results suggest that the development of cholinergic nervous system in the mouse adrenal medulla may be completed by postnatal-3-week.-KEY WORDS: acetylcholinesterase, adrenal gland, catecholamine-synthesizing-enzyme, neurofilament protein, postnatal development.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(6): 621-629, 1999 catecholamine synthesizing enzymes, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) immunoreactivities, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the chromaffin cells and nerve fibers of the mouse adrenal gland during postnatal development, and discuss the time of functional innervation and of completion of the cholinergic nervous system in the mouse developing adrenal gland. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was carried out with animals in accordance with the Guideline for Animal Experiments in Asahikawa Medical College. Male and female mice (Balb/c) were used in this study. Adrenal gland was collected from the mouse at birth (postnatal-0-day), at postnatal-1-, -2-, -3-, -4-day, at postnatal-1-, -2-, -3-, -4-, -6-, -7-...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Acetylcholinesterase Activity, and Neurofilament Protein, and Catecholamine Synthesizing Enzymes Immunoreactivities in the Mouse Adrenal Gland during Postnatal Development.

Iwasa

Oomori

Tanaka

1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…However, many nNOS-positive fibers were present in the central inflammatory site; some of these fibers double-labeled for VAChT and may be of preganglionic sympathetic origin, while the origin of the other nNOS-positive fibers is not clear. Although type I ganglion cells, which coexpress TH and NPY [38, 39], are also removed by enucleation, a hyperinnervation by TH- and NPY-positive fibers was observed. These data suggest that there is compensation by another major source of these fibers, the postganglionic sympathetics, which also coexpress TH and NPY [for review, see 40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperinnervation during Adrenal Regeneration Influences the Rate of Functional Recovery

Ulrich‐Lai

Engeland²

2000

Neuroendocrinology

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The rat adrenal cortex has the uncommon ability to demonstrate morphological and functional regeneration after injury-induced loss of cortical tissue. Peripheral nerves are involved in tissue regeneration and healing after injury, implying that nerves may also be involved in modulating the regeneration of the adrenal cortex. Studies were initiated to assess changes in adrenal innervation during cortical tissue regeneration subsequent to adrenal enucleation. Innervation of regenerating adrenals was assessed from 3 to 62 days postenucleation by immunohistofluorescent detection of neuronal markers for primary afferent, preganglionic sympathetic, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers. The regenerating adrenal contained few nerves at 3 days postenucleation, but became differentially innervated, with extensive innervation by nerve fibers positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In contrast, there was only minimal innervation by nerve fibers positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide. By 14 days postenucleation, the CGRP-, TH-, and NPY-positive innervation included areas of hyperinnervation in the capsule, cortex, and central inflammatory site of the regenerating gland. In addition, many chromaffin cells were present at all time points postenucleation. Quantification of the regenerating gland content of CGRP, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and nNOS verified the immunohistofluorescent observations. The period of extensive innervation correlated temporally with the time (3–30 days) during which the regenerating glands recovered steroidogenic function. Moreover, splanchnic nerve transection at the time of adrenal enucleation decreased the innervation by CGRP-positive and vesicular acetylcholine transporter-positive fibers and delayed regeneration. These results support the hypothesis that adrenal innervation modulates tissue regeneration and functional recovery of the enucleated adrenal gland.

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“…However, after 4 d of postnatal life, the chromaffin cells begin to differentiate into two distinct populations, i.e. the E cells, expressing both TH and PNMT, and the NE cells, expressing only TH (9,10).…”

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Long-Term Prenatal Hypoxia Alters Maturation of Adrenal Medulla in Rat

Mamet¹,

Peyronnet²,

Roux³

et al. 2002

Pediatr Res

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Catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla glands plays a vital role in postnatal adaptation. A number of pathologic situations are characterized by oxygen deficiency. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of long-term prenatal hypoxia on maturation of the adrenal medulla. Pregnant rats were subjected to hypoxia (10% O 2 ) from the fifth to the 20th d of gestation. The offspring were examined on the 19th d of gestation (E19), the day of birth (P0), and at postnatal (P) day of life P3, P7, P14, P21, and P68. The catecholamine content and activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in vivo were assayed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Cellular expression of TH and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase was evaluated by protein immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of the corresponding mRNA species. Exposure to prenatal hypoxia reduced the epinephrine content of the adrenal medulla on E19, P0, P3, and P7 while increasing the norepinephrine content on E19, P0, and P14. Furthermore, the peak epinephrine to norepinephrine ratio appearing between P7 and P10 in the normoxic offspring was absent in the hypoxic offspring. The in vivo TH activity was increased on P3 and P14 and decreased on P68. The percentage of chromaffin cells in the medulla expressing TH and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase was lowered on E19, P0, and P7. TH and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase mRNA levels were reduced on P7. Clearly prenatal hypoxia results in major changes in adrenal catecholamine stores and synthesis during the perinatal period, which persist into adulthood. The capacity to cope with postnatal stress might be disturbed as a consequence of prenatal hypoxia. The release of catecholamines plays an essential role in initial adaptation to extrauterine life, particularly in connection with perinatal asphyxia (1). Circulating catecholamines originate to a large extent from the adrenal medulla glands and serve vital functions in relation with cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to the stress associated with birth (1-4). In the rat, the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are still immature at the time of birth and undergo extensive biochemical, morphologic, and functional changes during postnatal development.Catecholamine synthesis is catalyzed by cytoplasmic enzymes, including TH, which represents the rate-limiting step, and PNMT, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of E. At birth, increases in both the plasma and adrenal levels of catecholamines occur (5, 6). Marked increases in the levels of TH mRNA and of dopamine ␤-hydroxylase mRNA are observed in the adrenal, thus reflecting the surge in catecholamines at the

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Ganglion cells immunoreactive for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat adrenal gland

Cited by 51 publications

References 55 publications

Acetylcholinesterase Activity, and Neurofilament Protein, and Catecholamine Synthesizing Enzymes Immunoreactivities in the Mouse Adrenal Gland during Postnatal Development.

Acetylcholinesterase Activity, and Neurofilament Protein, and Catecholamine Synthesizing Enzymes Immunoreactivities in the Mouse Adrenal Gland during Postnatal Development.

Hyperinnervation during Adrenal Regeneration Influences the Rate of Functional Recovery

Long-Term Prenatal Hypoxia Alters Maturation of Adrenal Medulla in Rat

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