Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines - Development Potentialities

Spicher, Ulrich; Reissing, Jörg; Kech, Johannes; Gindele, Jörg

doi:10.4271/1999-01-2938

Cited by 50 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The average exhaust velocity at the inlet and outlet of the filter element is V i and V o , respectively. Equations (6) and (7) show that the method to reduce the local pressure drop at the inlet and outlet of the filter element increases the opening ratios of the filter element. Therefore, fewer nested layers are conducive to reducing the local pressure drop when the exhaust enters and leaves the filter.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Structural Parameters Of The Nc-dcp Gpfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on a New Gasoline Particulate Filter Structure Based on the Nested Cylinder and Diversion Channel Plug

Qiu

et al. 2019

Energies

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Increasingly stringent emission regulations have imposed strict requirements on the particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, and the gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) are considered one of the most promising devices for meeting these requirement. To reduce the flow resistance of the GPF, a type of nested cylinder and diversion channel plug (NC-DCP) GPF is designed. It is composed of nested foam metal cylinders and annular diversion channel plugs. The pressure drop and its influencing factors were theoretically studied. The results show that the structural parameters, such as the cylindrical layer spacing and the length-to-diameter ratio, and the pressure drop have trade-off relationships. Moreover, the filtration efficiency is analyzed, and the calculation formula is summarized. The internal flow field distribution and its influencing factors are discussed based on a 2-D axisymmetric simulation. The results show that the exhaust velocity affects the flow field uniformity but does not affect the flow field structure. The pressure drop gradually decreases as the number of nested layers increases, and the positive direction is beneficial to reduce the overall pressure drop. Under different velocities, there is an optimal length-to-diameter ratio to minimize the pressure drop, and the simicircular diversion plug greatly improves the flow uniformity index for the internal flow field of the filter element. ]. Actually, for GDI engines, the emissions may be low on a mass basis (mg/km) but can be very high on a number basis, 10 11 -10 13 #/km (number of solid particles emitted per kilometer), much more than PFI engines, exceeding the particulate number (PN) limit of 6 × 10 11 #/km in China and Europe. Compared with diesel engines equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs), modern gasoline engines can emit more PM [12,13].Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are effective devices for reducing PM emissions. With increasingly stringent emission regulations, research regarding the application of PM filters in GDI engines will become an inevitable trend. The particulate filter must have high filtration efficiency and a long life and satisfy other requirements, and the flow resistance (pressure drop) must be small. The physical characteristics of DPFs have been fully understood and documented [14,15], and these insights can be applied to GPFs. Initially, soot is captured in the wall, known as "deep-bed" filtration. When the filter is fresh, the filtration efficiency (the proportion of particles trapped) is not 100%, but it increases with the mileage. Soot and ash accumulation forms a layer on the filter wall to prevent further penetration of soot into the wall, which is helpful to improve the filtration efficiency. The regeneration of soot can lead to breakage of the soot cake layer, which will reduce the filtration efficiency. However, in most driving conditions and life periods of a vehicle, the filtration efficiency of the GPF is expected to be very high (>90%) [16].The filter element is th...

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Section: Analysis Of the Structural Parameters Of The Nc-dcp Gpfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can achieve better combustion and operation at higher compression ratios, thereby reducing the fuel consumption and increasing the power [2][3][4][5]. Compared with port fuel injection (PFI) engines, the fuel efficiency under certification test cycle can be increased by 10-15% using small and turbocharged GDI engines [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on a New Gasoline Particulate Filter Structure Based on the Nested Cylinder and Diversion Channel Plug

Qiu

et al. 2019

Energies

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“…Therefore, GDI engines generally have higher, compression ratios and higher thermal efficiencies, and the stratified charge lean burn can further improve their performance. GDI engines can reduce fuel consumption by 15-20% comparing with traditional port fuel injection (PFI) engines [1]. The GDI technology also accurately measures and controls the amount of fuel injected, which avoids the extra fuel supply due to the low speed at idling, thus improving the engine response and reducing emissions [2].…”

Section: Particulate Mater Emission Of Gasoline Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Flow Field of Particles Deposited on a Gasoline Particulate Filter

Sjöblom

Sharma

et al. 2019

Energies

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The abatement of particulate matter in gasoline vehicle exhaust has prompted the development of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). The spatial distribution of the deposited particles inside a GPF has profound implications for its regeneration behavior, ash-induced aging, and multiscale modeling efforts. The connection cones will affect the flow into the monolith and the package structure needed to meet the system space requirements. In this paper, nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBSs) were applied to the cone design to optimize the flow uniformity and particle distribution inside a gasoline particulate filter. NURBS and conventional cones were manufactured using 3D printing, and the velocity profiles and pressure drops were measured under the loading of synthetic particles. The results shows that the cone shape will influence the pressure drop and the velocity profile, which is evaluated as the uniformity index. The test results indicate that better performance is achieved when using the NURBS cone, especially at low particle loads. The results also show that the cone shape (which determines the velocity profile) influences the particle deposition distribution, although the apparent pressure drops are similar. These results are important for exhaust aftertreatment system (EATS) design and optimization, where the NURBS cone can improve flow uniformity, which causes better particle deposition distribution and lower pressure drop.

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“…Hellstr€ om et al [17,18] have done studies on the combustion model of spark-assisted compression ignition engines. Spicher et al showed GDI development potentialities and compared the heat release behavior of a PFI and GDI engine [19]. Huegel et al investigated the heat transfer of a single-cylinder GDI engine with a side study on the heat release behavior of the engine in both homogeneous and stratified modes of operations [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion Model for a Homogeneous Turbocharged Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine

Tolou

Vedula

Schock

et al. 2017

Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical

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Homogeneous charge is a preferred operation mode of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines. However, a limited amount of work exists in the literature for combustion models of this mode of engine operation. Current work describes a model developed and used to study combustion in a GDI engine having early intake fuel injection. The model was validated using experimental data obtained from a 1.6L Ford EcoBoost® four-cylinder engine, tested at the U.S. EPA. The start of combustion was determined from filtered cycle-averaged cylinder pressure measurements, based on the local maximum of third derivative with respect to crank angle. The subsequent heat release, meanwhile, was approximated using a double-Wiebe function, to account for the rapid initial pre-mixed combustion (stage 1) followed by a gradual diffusion-like state of combustion (stage 2) as observed in this GDI engine. A non-linear least-squares optimization was used to determine the tuning variables of Wiebe correlations, resulting in a semi-predictive combustion model. The effectiveness of the semi-predictive combustion model was tested by comparing the experimental in-cylinder pressures with results obtained from a model built using a one-dimensional engine simulation tool, GT-POWER (Gamma Technologies). Model comparisons were made for loads of 60, 120, and 180 N-m at speeds ranging from 1500 to 4500 rpm, in 500 rpm increments. The root-mean-square errors between predicted cylinder pressures and the experimental data were within 2.5% of in-cylinder peak pressure during combustion. The semi-predictive combustion model, verified using the GT-POWER simulation, was further studied to develop a predictive combustion model. The performance of the predictive combustion model was examined by regenerating the experimental cumulative heat release. The heat release analysis developed for the GDI engine was further applied to a dual mode, turbulent jet ignition (DM-TJI) engine. DM-TJI is an advanced combustion technology with a promising potential to extend the thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines with minimal engine-out emissions. The DM-TJI engine was observed to offer a faster burn rate and lower in-cylinder heat transfer when compared to the GDI engine under the same loads and speeds.

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Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines - Development Potentialities

Cited by 50 publications

References 12 publications

Study on a New Gasoline Particulate Filter Structure Based on the Nested Cylinder and Diversion Channel Plug

Study on a New Gasoline Particulate Filter Structure Based on the Nested Cylinder and Diversion Channel Plug

Experimental Study on the Flow Field of Particles Deposited on a Gasoline Particulate Filter

Combustion Model for a Homogeneous Turbocharged Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine

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