Gasoline sniffing

Fortenberry, J D

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(85)90525-x

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The international use of leaded gasoline (TEL, tetramethyllead, and lead scavenger additives; 3 g/gallon) before 1980, and the ongoing addition (5-15%) of octane-boosting ethers and alcohols, antiknock metals (manganese), antioxidants, metal-scavenging agents, lubricants, etc. to gasoline complicates any assessment of the neurotoxicity of gasoline exposures (Fortenberry, 1985).…”

Section: Unleaded Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

Ritchie¹

2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

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Over 1.3 million civilian and military personnel are occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon fuels, emphasizing gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or kerosene. These exposures may occur acutely or chronically to raw fuel, vapor, aerosol, or fuel combustion exhaust by dermal, respiratory inhalation, or oral ingestion routes, and commonly occur concurrently with exposure to other chemicals and stressors. Hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of 150-260+ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds containing varying concentrations of potential neurotoxicants including benzene, n-hexane, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and certain n-C9-C12 fractions (n-propylbenzene, trimethylbenzene isomers). Due to their natural petroleum base, the chemical composition of different hydrocarbon fuels is not defined, and the fuels are classified according to broad performance criteria such as flash and boiling points, complicating toxicological comparisons. While hydrocarbon fuel exposures occur typically at concentrations below permissible exposure limits for their constituent chemicals, it is unknown whether additive or synergistic interactions may result in unpredicted neurotoxicity. The inclusion of up to six performance additives in existing fuel formulations presents additional neurotoxicity challenge. Additionally, exposures to hydrocarbon fuels, typically with minimal respiratory or dermal protection, range from weekly fueling of personal automobiles to waist-deep immersion of personnel in raw fuel during maintenance of aircraft fuel tanks. Occupational exposures may occur on a near daily basis for from several months to over 20 yr. A number of published studies have reported acute or persisting neurotoxic effects from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to hydrocarbon fuels, or to certain constituent chemicals of these fuels. This review summarizes human and animal studies of hydrocarbon fuel-induced neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral consequences. It is hoped that this review will support ongoing attempts to review and possibly revise exposure standards for hydrocarbon fuels.

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Section: Unleaded Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

Ritchie¹

2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

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“…The leaded variety of gasoline widely used in rural and remote areas contain 20 to 30 percent toluene, plus other toxins, such as hexane. Toluene causes central nervous system impairment, while the other toxins impair the peripheral nervous system, making the abusers vulnerable to severe motor and sensory neuropathy, which may inhibit their ability to walk (Fortenberry, 1985).…”

Section: Effects Of Iamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chelation therapy has been prescribed for treatment of tetraethyl lead poisoning. This has been shown to be effective in reducing the lead-level in blood and in ameliorating the neurological symptoms (Fortenberry, 1985).…”

Section: Effects Of Iamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inhalant Abuse in Indian Country

February¹,

Hillabrant²,

Navratil³

et al. 2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…The effects associated with the intentional use of gasoline as an intoxicant (gasoline sniffing) are commonly neurologic in nature and include ataxia, tremor, and an acute or subacute encephalopathic syndrome [see Fortenberry for a review (1)]. …”

Section: Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents.

Burbacher

1993

Environ Health Perspect

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This overview was developed as part of a symposium on noncancer end points of gasoline and key gasoline components. The specific components included are methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, butadiene, benzene, xylene, toluene, methyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol. The overview focuses on neurotoxic effects related to chronic low-level exposures. A few general conclusions and recommendations can be made based on the results of the studies to date. a) All the compounds reviewed are neuroactive and, as such, should be examined for their neurotoxicity. b) For most of the compounds, there is a substantial margin of safety between the current permissible exposure levels and levels that would be expected to cause overt signs of neurotoxicity in humans. This is not the case for xylene, toluene, and methanol, however, where neurologic effects are observed at or below the current Threshold Limit Value. c) For most of the compounds, the relationship between chronic low-level exposure and subtle neurotoxic effects has not been studied. Studies therefore should focus on examining the dose-response relationship between chronic low-level exposure and subtle changes in central nervous system function.

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Gasoline sniffing

Cited by 51 publications

References 29 publications

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Selected Hydrocarbon Fuels

Inhalant Abuse in Indian Country

Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents.

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