Gastrin, cholecystokinin and gastrointestinal tract functions in mammals

Abstract

The aim of the present review is to synthesise and summarise our recent knowledge on the involvement of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin peptides and their receptors in the control of digestive functions and more generally their role in the field of nutrition in mammals. First, we examined the release of these peptides from the gut, focusing on their molecular forms, the factors regulating their release and the signalling pathways mediating their effects. Second, general physiological effects of CCK and gastrin peptides are described with regard to their specific receptors and the role of CCK on vagal mucosal afferent nerve activities. Local effects of CCK and gastrin in the gut are also reported, including gut development, gastrointestinal motility and control of pancreatic functions through vagal afferent pathways, including NO. Third, some examples of the intervention of the CCK and gastrin peptides are exposed in diseases, taking into account intervention of the classical receptor subtypes (CCK 1 and CCK 2 receptors) and their heterodimerisation as well as CCK-C receptor subtype. Finally, applications and future challenges are suggested in the nutritional field (performances) and in therapy with regards to the molecular forms or in relation with the type of receptor as well as new techniques to be utilised in detection or in therapy of disease. In conclusion, the present review underlines recent developments in this field: CCK and gastrin peptides and their receptors are the key factor of nutritional aspects; a better understanding of the mechanisms involved may increase the efficiency of the nutritional functions and the treatment of abnormalities under pathological conditions.

Gastrin Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Activation of RISK (Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase) and SAFE (Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement) Pathways

“…It is known that the cholecystokinin receptor has 2 subtypes, type 1 and type 2. The expression of CCK2R (CCKBR) is greater than CCK1R in both myocardium and coronary artery10 and has a 500‐ to 1000‐fold higher affinity for gastrin than CCK1R 25, 26. In the present study, the protective effect of gastrin was abolished in the presence of a CCK2R inhibitor, CI988 (Figure 7A–7E).…”

“…Gastrin has a 500‐ to 1000‐fold higher affinity for CCK2R than CCK1R 25, 26. CCK2R is highly expressed not only in the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract but also in the heart, brain, and kidney 8, 10, 41.…”

Nutritional programming of gastrointestinal tract development. Is the pig a good model for man?

“…It represents the largest endocrine organ in the body (28) and has its own nervous system (enteric nervous system). Most of the GI regulations depend on a complex regulatory system more and more recognised as a unique system with different components including hormonal, nervous and immune substances (29) . After birth the placental supply of nutrients is lost and the neonatal GIT is stimulated chiefly by enteral nutritive and non-nutritive (biologically active) substances from colostrum and milk.…”

Is there adaptation of the exocrine pancreas in wild animal? The case of the Roe Deer

“…Until now and to the best of our knowledge, no data have been reported on the gut regulatory peptides and more particularly those on the CCK/gastrin family, as well as their receptors in Roe deer pancreas [8]. In this study, the immunohistochemical findings illustrate, for the first time, the presence of both CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptor subtypes in the Roe deer pancreas.…”

“…Earlier studies in the calf pancreas established the presence of both cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor (CCKR) subtypes, CCKR-1 and CCKR-2 (or CCKR-A and CCKR-B, respectively) [7]. Furthermore, in higher mammals, the CCKR-2 subtype has been reported to be the most expressed [8]. Therefore, we have investigated the two CCK receptor subtypes in the Roe deer pancreas.…”