Gastro-intestinal medications, hypolipidemic agents and spasmolytics

Clementi, Maurizio; Weber-Schöndorfer, Corinna

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408078-2.00006-8

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…However, another stream of research assumes a common neural basis for HRV and respiration, and regards a routine control of HRV for respiration problematic, given it would remove variability associated with neural control over the heartbeat, and therefore some of the variance playing a crucial role in HRV would be artificially removed, which would then not reflect normal physiology (Larsen et al, 2010; Thayer et al, 2011; Lewis et al, 2012; Dick et al, 2014). For further clarification whether SPB does increase CVA, future research should consider manipulating parasympathetic nervous activity via pharmacological blockade, for example with atropine (Lahiri et al, 2008), a parasympatholytic agent that inhibits the action of acetylcholine, the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, by competitively blocking muscarine receptors (Clementi and Weber-Schöndorfer, 2015). Previous research (Du Plooy and Venter, 1995) investigating deep breathing (three deep inspirations and expirations) and HRV with atropine injection showed that RMSSD was increased during deep breathing, however, this increase was canceled by atropine, which would suggest that this increase in RMSSD was vagally driven.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion

et al. 2019

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This research aims to investigate whether slow-paced breathing (SPB) improves adaptation to psychological stress, and specifically inhibition, when it is performed before or after physical exertion (PE). According to the resonance model, SPB is expected to increase cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Further, according to the neurovisceral integration model, CVA is positively linked to executive cognitive performance, and would thus play a role in the adaptation to psychological stress. We hypothesized that SPB, in comparison to a control condition, will induce a better adaptation to psychological stress, measured via better inhibitory performance. Two within-subject experiments were conducted with athletes: in the first experiment ( N = 60) SPB (or control – neutral TV documentary) was realized before PE (“relax before PE”), and in the second experiment ( N = 60) SPB (or the watching TV control) was realized after PE (“relax after PE”). PE consisted of 5 min Burpees, a physical exercise involving the whole body. In both experiments the adaptation to psychological stress was investigated with a Stroop task, a measure of inhibition, which followed PE. Perceived stress increased during PE (partial η 2 = 0.63) and during the Stroop task (partial η 2 = 0.08), and decreased during relaxation (partial η 2 = 0.15), however, no effect of condition was found. At the physiological level PE significantly increased HR, RF, and decreased CVA [operationalized in this research via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)] in both experiments. Further, the number of errors in the incongruent category (Stroop interference accuracy) was found to be lower in the SPB condition in comparison to the control condition, however, these results were not mediated by RMSSD. Additionally, the Stroop interference [reaction times (RTs)] was found to be lower overall in “relax before PE,” however, no effect was found regarding SPB and Stroop interference (RTs). Overall, our results suggest that SPB realized before or after PE has a positive effect regarding adaptation to psychological stress and specifically inhibition, however, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion

et al. 2019

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“…Consequently, they are known to inhibit cholesterol absorption in the gut and to promote bile salt excretion. However, they are also known to involve a number of issues, including gastrointestinal disturbance, constipation, and colon cancer [ 77 , 78 ]. Valhouny et al [ 79 ] report that chitosan supplementation showed a similar inhibition effect to cholestyramine in cholesterol adsorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Chitosan as a Dietary Supplement in Lowering Cholesterol in Murine Models: A Meta-Analysis

2021

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This study presents a meta-analysis of studies that investigate the effectiveness of chitosan administration on lifestyle-related disease in murine models. A total of 34 published studies were used to evaluate the effect of chitosan supplementation. The effect sizes for various items after chitosan administration were evaluated using the standardized mean difference. Using Cochran’s Q test, the heterogeneity of effect sizes was assessed, after which a meta-ANOVA and -regression test was conducted to explain the heterogeneity of effect sizes using the mixed-effect model. Publication bias was performed using Egger’s linear regression test. Among the items evaluated, blood triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol showed the highest heterogeneity, respectively. Other than blood HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in feces, most items evaluated showed a negative effect size with high significance in the fixed- and random-effect model (p < 0.0001). In the meta-ANOVA and -regression test, administering chitosan and resistant starch was revealed to be most effective in lowering body weight. In addition, chitosan supplementation proved to be an effective solution for serum TNF-α inhibition. In conclusion, chitosan has been shown to be somewhat useful in improving symptoms of lifestyle-related disease. Although there are some limitations in the results of this meta-analysis due to the limited number of animal experiments conducted, chitosan administration nevertheless shows promise in reducing the risk of cholesterol related metabolic disorder.

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“…However, pancreatin, with its wide availability and low cost, was one of the main components used here for the production of TP-Es. The use of this enzyme preparation, which is derived from porcine pancreas, 28 makes the current method — as it stands — a partial replacement method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Human Erythrocyte-based Haemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of Human Complement Activity

et al. 2020

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The complement system consists of at least 50 proteins that serve as one of the first lines of defence against foreign, or damaged, cells and invading microorganisms. Its dysregulation underlies the pathophysiology of many different diseases, which makes functional assays of complement activity crucial; they are, however, underutilised. Standard haemolysis assays for the analysis of complement function employ sensitised non-human erythrocytes (e.g. from the sheep, guinea-pig or rabbit), the use of which raises animal welfare concerns. To provide an alternative to the use of such animal-derived products for complement function assays, we developed a method that employs modified human erythrocytes to evaluate the activity of complement pathways. Human erythrocytes were subjected to various chemical and/or proteolytic treatments involving 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate (TNBS) and pancreatin. Haemolysis assays demonstrated that sequential treatment with TNBS and pancreatin resulted in significantly greater complement-mediated haemolysis, as compared to TNBS or pancreatin treatment alone. Evidence that lysis of the modified erythrocytes was complement-mediated was provided by the chelation and subsequent restoration of calcium in the plasma. Thus, such modified human erythrocytes could be used as an alternative to animal-derived erythrocytes in haemolysis assays, in order to evaluate complement activity in human plasma during, for example, the screening of patients for complement deficiencies and other abnormalities in a clinical setting.

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Gastro-intestinal medications, hypolipidemic agents and spasmolytics

Cited by 5 publications

References 85 publications

Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion

Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion

Effectiveness of Chitosan as a Dietary Supplement in Lowering Cholesterol in Murine Models: A Meta-Analysis

A Human Erythrocyte-based Haemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of Human Complement Activity

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