Gastrointestinal Blood Loss and Anemia in Runners

Stewart, James; Ahlquist, David A.; McGill, Douglas B.; Ilstrup, Duane M.; Schwartz, Samuel; Owen, Richard

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-843

Cited by 166 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Sweat iron concentrations of 0.13-0.42 mg/L have k e n reported for males and females during exercise (82,120). Iron loss through gastrointeskhaaal bleeding has also been reported in distance runners (133,149).…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 92%

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Haymes

1991

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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Vitamin and mineral supplements are frequently used by competitive and recreational athletes. Dietary deficiencies of most vitamins are not very common among athletes except in those who restrict their food intake in order to maintain body weight. Vitamins most likely to be deficient in the diet are folate, B,, B,,, and E. Biochemical evidence of vitamin deficiencies in some athletes have been reported for thiamine, riboflavin, and B,. When the diet is deficient, vitamin supplements may improve performance but are not likely to be effective if the dietary intake is adequate. Some female athletes' diets are low in calcium, iron, and zinc. Low calcium intake may reduce peak bone mass in young women. Iron deficiency may impair performance and needs to be corrected with an iron supplement. Zinc supplements that exceed the RDA interfere with the absorption of copper and lower HDLcholesterol.The use of vitamin and mineral supplements by athletes is widespread, especially in the United States. According to recent surveys of supplement use among athletes, more than 50% of elite women distance runners, nonelite women marathon runners and triathletes, and Ironman triathletes of both sexes consume vitamin and mineral supplements regularly (22,32,76,109,164). Thirty percent of nonelite men competing in marathons and triathlons report daily use of vitamin and mineral supplements (109, 164). Use of vitamin supplements is also prevalent among high school and college athletes-56% of males and 33% of females (1 18 In competitive events where the difference between winning and losing is measured in seconds or even a fraction of a second, poor nutrition could have a negative effect. Many athletes take vitamin and mineral supplements to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Other athletes believe that certain vitamins or minerals have ergogenic properties that will improve performance. In this review we will examine whether athletes need additional vitamins and minerals. There are three primary reasons why supplementing the diet with specific vitamins and/or minerals might be beneficial to athletes: (a) The athlete's diet is deficient in one or Emily M. Haymes is with the

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Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 92%

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Haymes

1991

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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“…These include self blood transfusion (blood-doping), erythropoietin, and high-altitude training camps [6]. It is widely recognized that athletes frequently have lower than normal values of hemoglobin [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This finding has been given different names, which, in themselves further complicate the understanding of the physiology of the hematological system in exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The prevalence of low hemoglobin values among new infantry recruits and nonlinear relationship between hemoglobin concentration and physical fitness

et al. 2006

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There is limited information regarding the optimal hemoglobin level for physical activity and most studies followed relatively few participants. The object of this study was to assess iron storage levels in a population of healthy young males and their impact on physical fitness. Blood samples were drawn from 358 consenting infantry recruits for hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, transferrin, folic acid, and B 12 levels. A detailed medical and nutritional history was noted. Recruits performed a field fitness test including a 2,000-m run. Mean hemoglobin was 13.8 ± 1.0 g/dl. Level of hemoglobin lower than 14 and 12 g/dl were found in 53.6% and 4.5% of the recruits, respectively. Mean ferritin was 57 ± 34 ng/ml, with 15% of the recruits under 25 ng/ml. On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for pre-induction sports activity (P < 0.001), intermediate pre-induction hemoglobin level (12-14 g/dl) was associated with significantly faster 2,000-m running time (530 ± 69 s, n = 176) than both the lower hemoglobin group (570 ± 77 s, n = 16) and the higher hemoglobin group (552 ± 86 s, n = 166, P < 0.05). The subjects in this study were non-athletic healthy young men. The high rate of abnormally low hemoglobin and ferritin values probably indicates a nutritional deficit in this population. The slower running results in the group with hemoglobin below 12 g/dl are in line with previous work, indicating the need for iron supplementation. The decrease in running ability with increased hemoglobin above 14 g/dl is surprising and will need further evaluation. Am. J. Hematol. 82:128-133, 2007. V V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…• gastrointestinal blood loss due to running (Stewart et al 1984) • traumatic hematuria, also called ''sports hematuria'' (Abarbanel et al 1990) • increased red cell turnover in athletes (Shaskey and Green 2000;Weight et al 1991) • exercise-related iron absorption disorders (Shaskey and Green 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron-regulatory protein hepcidin is increased in female athletes after a marathon

Roecker¹,

et al. 2005

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The propose of this study was to determine the influence of marathon race on hepcidin excretion in female athletes (age 26-45 years). Urine samples were taken before, immediately after, 1 and 3 days after the race. In the average, hepcidin transiently increased at day 1 from 32 to 85 ng/mg creatinine. We propose that the frequently observed iron deficiency of females runners is caused by elevated hepcidin levels.

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Gastrointestinal Blood Loss and Anemia in Runners

Cited by 166 publications

References 16 publications

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

The prevalence of low hemoglobin values among new infantry recruits and nonlinear relationship between hemoglobin concentration and physical fitness

Iron-regulatory protein hepcidin is increased in female athletes after a marathon

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